Vitamin Cationic Lipids

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are cationic lipids comprising a vitamin substructure and an ionizable nitrogen-containing group. Cationic lipids provided herein can be useful for delivery and expression of mRNA and encoded protein, e.g., as a component of liposomal delivery vehicle, and accordingly can be useful for treating various diseases, disorders and conditions, such as those associated with deficiency of one or more proteins.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional ApplicationNo. 62/677,851, filed May 30, 2018; U.S. Provisional Application No.62/677,828, filed May 30, 2018; U.S. Provisional Application No.62/677,855, filed May 30, 2018; U.S. Provisional Application No.62/677,818, filed May 30, 2018; U.S. Provisional Application No.62/807,672, filed Feb. 19, 2019; U.S. Provisional Application No.62/807,671, filed Feb. 19, 2019; and U.S. Provisional Application No.62/807,673, filed Feb. 19, 2019; each of which is incorporated byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Delivery of nucleic acids has been explored extensively as a potentialtherapeutic option for certain disease states. In particular, messengerRNA (mRNA) therapy has become an increasingly important option fortreatment of various diseases, including for those associated withdeficiency of one or more proteins.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides, among other things, cationic lipidsuseful for delivery of mRNA. Delivery of mRNA provided by cationiclipids described herein can result in targeted delivery, reduceadministration frequency, improve patient tolerability, and provide morepotent and less toxic mRNA therapy for the treatment of a variety ofdiseases, including but not limited to cancer, cardiovascular, cysticfibrosis, infectious, and neurological diseases.

In one aspect, the invention provides a liposome encapsulating an mRNAencoding a protein, wherein the liposome comprises one or more cationiclipids, optionally one or more non-cationic lipids, optionally one ormore cholesterol-based lipids and optionally one or more PEG-modifiedlipids, wherein the liposome comprises at least one cationic lipid thatcomprises the structure of Vitamin A, D, E, or K, and also comprises amoiety X¹, wherein X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group.

In another aspect, the invention provides a nucleic acid encapsulatedwithin a liposome, wherein the liposome comprises a cationic lipid thatcomprises the structure of Vitamin A, D, E, or K, and also comprises amoiety X¹, wherein X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group.

In embodiments, a cationic lipid is a cationic lipid having a structureaccording to any of the following structures:

wherein

-   R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,    hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,    hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to    6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered    heteroarylene;-   X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;-   X² is S, C═O, or C═S;-   X³ is O, CR^(a)R^(b), or NR^(c);-   R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,    C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or-   R^(a) and R^(b), together with the carbon atom through which they    are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or    5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and-   R^(c) is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,    C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(A-I):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(A-Ia):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(E-1),

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to formula(E-1a),

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(K-1),

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(K-1a),

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(K-1b),

In embodiments, a cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(D-A),

-   -   wherein    -   represents a single or double bond;    -   X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;    -   X² is O or S;    -   Z is O or a covalent bond;    -   R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,        hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,        hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to        6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to        6-membered heteroarylene; and    -   R² is H or C₁-C₄-alkyl.

In embodiments, a cationic lipid has a structure according to any one ofthe following formulas:

In embodiments, a cationic lipid has a structure according to any one ofthe following formulas:

In embodiments, X² is O.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—,—C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—,—C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or—C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or —C₄H₈—.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one orsubstituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, andthioester.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene,C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene,C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene,C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene,unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—.

In embodiments, X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine,5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl.

In embodiments, X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containingheterocycloalkyl.

In embodiments, X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl,piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.

In embodiments, X¹ is dialkylamine.

In embodiments, X¹ is N(Me)₂.

In embodiments, X¹ is

whereinR^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl,C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl; and each nis independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.

In embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, X¹ is Me

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In another aspect, the invention features a composition comprising anmRNA encoding a peptide or a polypeptide, encapsulated within aliposome, wherein the liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids,optionally one or more non-cationic lipids, optionally one or morecholesterol-based lipids, and optionally one or more PEG-modifiedlipids, wherein at least one cationic lipid is as described herein(e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)).

In another aspect, the invention features a composition comprising anmRNA encoding a peptide or a polypeptide, encapsulated within aliposome, wherein the liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids,optionally one or more non-cationic lipids, optionally one or morecholesterol-based lipids, and optionally one or more PEG-modifiedlipids, wherein at least one cationic lipid is as described herein(e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)).

In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding a peptide orpolypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the lung of asubject or a lung cell.

In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding for cysticfibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.

In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding a peptide orpolypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the liver of asubject or a liver cell.

In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding for ornithinetranscarbamylase (OTC) protein.

In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding a peptide orpolypeptide for use in a vaccine.

In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding for an antigen(e.g, an antigen from an infectious agent).

In another aspect, the invention features a composition comprising anucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposomecomprises a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid ofany of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A),(D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g,(E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and(K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5)and (K1)-(K4)).

In another aspect, the invention features a composition comprising anucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposomecomprises a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipidof any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g.,(D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E(e.g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and(K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5)and (K1)-(K4)).

In embodiments, a composition further comprises one or more lipidsselected from the group consisting of one or more cationic lipids, oneor more non-cationic lipids, and one or more PEG-modified lipids.

In embodiments, a nucleic acid is an mRNA encoding a peptide orpolypeptide.

In embodiments, an mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in thedelivery to or treatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell. Inembodiments, an mRNA encodes cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductanceregulator (CFTR) protein.

In embodiments, an mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in thedelivery to or treatment of the liver of a subject or a liver cell. Inembodiments, an mRNA encodes ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.

In embodiments, an mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in avaccine. In embodiments, an mRNA encodes an antigen (e.g., an antigenfrom an infectious agent).

In some aspects, the present invention provides methods of treating adisease in a subject comprising administering to the subject acomposition (e.g, a pharmaceutical composition) as described herein(e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)).

In some other aspects, the present invention provides methods oftreating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subjecta composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) as described herein(e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)).

In embodiments, a composition is formulated for intravenous (IV)administration.

In embodiments, a composition is formulated for intramuscular (IM)administration.

In embodiments, a composition is formulated for administration byinhalation (e.g., a composition is formulated for nebulization).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS Definitions

In order for the present invention to be more readily understood,certain terms are first defined below. Additional definitions for thefollowing terms and other terms are set forth throughout thespecification. The publications and other reference materials referencedherein to describe the background of the invention and to provideadditional detail regarding its practice are hereby incorporated byreference.

Amino acid: As used herein, the term “amino acid,” in its broadestsense, refers to any compound and/or substance that can be incorporatedinto a polypeptide chain. In some embodiments, an amino acid has thegeneral structure H₂N—C(H)(R)—COOH. In some embodiments, an amino acidis a naturally occurring amino acid. In some embodiments, an amino acidis a synthetic amino acid; in some embodiments, an amino acid is ad-amino acid; in some embodiments, an amino acid is an 1-amino acid.“Standard amino acid” refers to any of the twenty standard 1-amino acidscommonly found in naturally occurring peptides. “Nonstandard amino acid”refers to any amino acid, other than the standard amino acids,regardless of whether it is prepared synthetically or obtained from anatural source. As used herein, “synthetic amino acid” encompasseschemically modified amino acids, including but not limited to salts,amino acid derivatives (such as amides), and/or substitutions. Aminoacids, including carboxy- and/or amino-terminal amino acids in peptides,can be modified by methylation, amidation, acetylation, protectinggroups, and/or substitution with other chemical groups that can changethe peptide's circulating half-life without adversely affecting theiractivity. Amino acids may participate in a disulfide bond. Amino acidsmay comprise one or posttranslational modifications, such as associationwith one or more chemical entities (e.g., methyl groups, acetate groups,acetyl groups, phosphate groups, formyl moieties, isoprenoid groups,sulfate groups, polyethylene glycol moieties, lipid moieties,carbohydrate moieties, biotin moieties, etc.). The term “amino acid” isused interchangeably with “amino acid residue,” and may refer to a freeamino acid and/or to an amino acid residue of a peptide. It will beapparent from the context in which the term is used whether it refers toa free amino acid or a residue of a peptide.

Animal: As used herein, the term “animal” refers to any member of theanimal kingdom. In some embodiments, “animal” refers to humans, at anystage of development. In some embodiments, “animal” refers to non-humananimals, at any stage of development. In certain embodiments, thenon-human animal is a mammal (e.g., a rodent, a mouse, a rat, a rabbit,a monkey, a dog, a cat, a sheep, cattle, a primate, and/or a pig). Insome embodiments, animals include, but are not limited to, mammals,birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, and/or worms. In someembodiments, an animal may be a transgenic animal,genetically-engineered animal, and/or a clone.

Approximately or about: As used herein, the term “approximately” or“about,” as applied to one or more values of interest, refers to a valuethat is similar to a stated reference value. In certain embodiments, theterm “approximately” or “about” refers to a range of values that fallwithin 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%,8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less in either direction (greaterthan or less than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise statedor otherwise evident from the context (except where such number wouldexceed 100% of a possible value).

Biologically active: As used herein, the term “biologically active”refers to a characteristic of any agent that has activity in abiological system, and particularly in an organism. For instance, anagent that, when administered to an organism, has a biological effect onthat organism, is considered to be biologically active.

Delivery: As used herein, the term “delivery” encompasses both local andsystemic delivery. For example, delivery of mRNA encompasses situationsin which an mRNA is delivered to a target tissue and the encoded proteinis expressed and retained within the target tissue (also referred to as“local distribution” or “local delivery”), and situations in which anmRNA is delivered to a target tissue and the encoded protein isexpressed and secreted into patient's circulation system (e.g., serum)and systematically distributed and taken up by other tissues (alsoreferred to as “systemic distribution” or “systemic delivery”).

Expression: As used herein, “expression” of a nucleic acid sequencerefers to translation of an mRNA into a polypeptide, assemble multiplepolypeptides into an intact protein (e.g, enzyme) and/orpost-translational modification of a polypeptide or fully assembledprotein (e.g, enzyme). In this application, the terms “expression” and“production,” and grammatical equivalent, are used inter-changeably.

Functional: As used herein, a “functional” biological molecule is abiological molecule in a form in which it exhibits a property and/oractivity by which it is characterized.

Half-life: As used herein, the term “half-life” is the time required fora quantity such as nucleic acid or protein concentration or activity tofall to half of its value as measured at the beginning of a time period.

Improve, increase, or reduce: As used herein, the terms “improve,”“increase” or “reduce,” or grammatical equivalents, indicate values thatare relative to a baseline measurement, such as a measurement in thesame individual prior to initiation of the treatment described herein,or a measurement in a control subject (or multiple control subject) inthe absence of the treatment described herein. A “control subject” is asubject afflicted with the same form of disease as the subject beingtreated, who is about the same age as the subject being treated.

In Vitro: As used herein, the term “in vitro” refers to events thatoccur in an artificial environment, e.g., in a test tube or reactionvessel, in cell culture, etc., rather than within a multi-cellularorganism.

In Vivo: As used herein, the term “in vivo” refers to events that occurwithin a multi-cellular organism, such as a human and a non-humananimal. In the context of cell-based systems, the term may be used torefer to events that occur within a living cell (as opposed to, forexample, in vitro systems).

Isolated: As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to a substanceand/or entity that has been (1) separated from at least some of thecomponents with which it was associated when initially produced (whetherin nature and/or in an experimental setting), and/or (2) produced,prepared, and/or manufactured by the hand of man. Isolated substancesand/or entities may be separated from about 10%, about 20%, about 30%,about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%,about 98%, about 99%, or more than about 99% of the other componentswith which they were initially associated. In some embodiments, isolatedagents are about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%,or more than about 99% pure. As used herein, a substance is “pure” if itis substantially free of other components. As used herein, calculationof percent purity of isolated substances and/or entities should notinclude excipients (e.g., buffer, solvent, water, etc.).

Liposome: As used herein, the term “liposome” refers to any lamellar,multilamellar, or solid nanoparticle vesicle. Typically, a liposome asused herein can be formed by mixing one or more lipids or by mixing oneor more lipids and polymer(s). In some embodiments, a liposome suitablefor the present invention contains one or more cationic lipids andoptionally non-cationic lipid(s), optionally cholesterol-based lipid(s),and/or optionally PEG-modified lipid(s).

messenger RNA (mRNA): As used herein, the term “messenger RNA (mRNA)” or“mRNA” refers to a polynucleotide that encodes at least one polypeptide.mRNA as used herein encompasses both modified and unmodified RNA. Theterm “modified mRNA” related to mRNA comprising at least one chemicallymodified nucleotide. mRNA may contain one or more coding and non-codingregions. mRNA can be purified from natural sources, produced usingrecombinant expression systems and optionally purified, chemicallysynthesized, etc. Where appropriate, e.g., in the case of chemicallysynthesized molecules, mRNA can comprise nucleoside analogs such asanalogs having chemically modified bases or sugars, backbonemodifications, etc. An mRNA sequence is presented in the 5′ to 3′direction unless otherwise indicated. In some embodiments, an mRNA is orcomprises natural nucleosides (e.g, adenosine, guanosine, cytidine,uridine); nucleoside analogs (e.g., 2-aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine,inosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 3-methyl adenosine, 5-methylcytidine, C5propynyl-cytidine, C5 propynyl-uridine, 2-aminoadenosine,C5-bromouridine, C5-fluorouridine, C5-iodouridine, C5-propynyl-uridine,C5-propynyl-cytidine, C5-methylcytidine, 2-aminoadenosine,7-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-oxoadenosine, 8-oxoguanosine,O(6)-methylguanine, and 2-thiocytidine); chemically modified bases;biologically modified bases (e.g., methylated bases); intercalatedbases; modified sugars (e.g., 2′-fluororibose, ribose, 2′-deoxyribose,arabinose, and hexose); and/or modified phosphate groups (e.g.,phosphorothioates and 5′-N-phosphoramidite linkages).

Nucleic acid: As used herein, the term “nucleic acid,” in its broadestsense, refers to any compound and/or substance that is or can beincorporated into a polynucleotide chain. In some embodiments, a nucleicacid is a compound and/or substance that is or can be incorporated intoa polynucleotide chain via a phosphodiester linkage. In someembodiments, “nucleic acid” refers to individual nucleic acid residues(e.g., nucleotides and/or nucleosides). In some embodiments, “nucleicacid” refers to a polynucleotide chain comprising individual nucleicacid residues. In some embodiments, “nucleic acid” encompasses RNA aswell as single and/or double-stranded DNA and/or cDNA. In someembodiments, “nucleic acid” encompasses ribonucleic acids (RNA),including but not limited to any one or more of interference RNAs(RNAi), small interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA),antisense RNA (aRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), modified messenger RNA(mmRNA), long non-coding RNA (IncRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA) multimericcoding nucleic acid (MCNA), polymeric coding nucleic acid (PCNA), guideRNA (gRNA) and CRISPR RNA (crRNA). In some embodiments, “nucleic acid”encompasses deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), including but not limited toany one or more of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA(dsDNA) and complementary DNA (cDNA). In some embodiments, “nucleicacid” encompasses both RNA and DNA. In embodiments, DNA may be in theform of antisense DNA, plasmid DNA, parts of a plasmid DNA,pre-condensed DNA, a product of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR),vectors (e.g., PI, PAC, BAC, YAC, artificial chromosomes), expressioncassettes, chimeric sequences, chromosomal DNA, or derivatives of thesegroups. In embodiments, RNA may be in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA),ribosomal RNA (rRNA), signal recognition particle RNA (7 SL RNA or SRPRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA), small nuclearRNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), SmY RNA, small Cajalbody-specific RNA (scaRNA), guide RNA (gRNA), ribonuclease P (RNase P),Y RNA, telomerase RNA component (TERC), spliced leader RNA (SL RNA),antisense RNA (aRNA or asRNA), cis-natural antisense transcript(cis-NAT), CRISPR RNA (crRNA), long noncoding RNA (IncRNA), micro-RNA(miRNA), piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA),transacting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat associated siRNA (rasiRNA), 73K RNA,retrotransposons, a viral genome, a viroid, satellite RNA, orderivatives of these groups. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is anmRNA encoding a protein such as an enzyme.

Patient: As used herein, the term “patient” or “subject” refers to anyorganism to which a provided composition may be administered, e.g., forexperimental, diagnostic, prophylactic, cosmetic, and/or therapeuticpurposes. Typical patients include animals (e.g., mammals such as mice,rats, rabbits, non-human primates, and/or humans). In some embodiments,a patient is a human. A human includes pre- and post-natal forms.

Pharmaceutically acceptable: The term “pharmaceutically acceptable,” asused herein, refers to substances that, within the scope of soundmedical judgment, are suitable for use in contact with the tissues ofhuman beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation,allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with areasonable benefit/risk ratio.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salt: Pharmaceutically acceptable salts arewell known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al., describespharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. PharmaceuticalSciences (1977) 66:1-19. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of thecompounds of this invention include those derived from suitableinorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceuticallyacceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino groupformed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid,phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid, or with organicacids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid,citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methodsused in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptablesalts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate,benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate,citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate,ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate,gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide,2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, laurylsulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate,2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate,pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate,pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate,thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and thelike. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal,alkaline earth metal, ammonium, and N⁺(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₄ salts.Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium,lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Furtherpharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxicammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed usingcounterions, such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate,nitrate, sulfonate and aryl sulfonate. Further pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts include salts formed from the quarternization of anamine using an appropriate electrophile, e.g., an alkyl halide, to forma quarternized alkylated amino salt.

Systemic distribution or delivery: As used herein, the terms “systemicdistribution,” “systemic delivery,” or the grammatical equivalent, referto a delivery or distribution mechanism or approach that affect theentire body or an entire organism. Typically, systemic distribution ordelivery is accomplished via body's circulation system, e.g., bloodstream. Compared to the definition of “local distribution or delivery.”

Subject: As used herein, the term “subject” refers to a human or anynon-human animal (e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, cattle, swine,sheep, horse or primate). A human includes pre- and post-natal forms. Inmany embodiments, a subject is a human being. A subject can be apatient, which refers to a human presenting to a medical provider fordiagnosis or treatment of a disease. The term “subject” is used hereininterchangeably with “individual” or “patient.” A subject can beafflicted with or is susceptible to a disease or disorder but may or maynot display symptoms of the disease or disorder.

Substantially: As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to thequalitative condition of exhibiting total or near-total extent or degreeof a characteristic or property of interest. One of ordinary skill inthe biological arts will understand that biological and chemicalphenomena rarely, if ever, go to completion and/or proceed tocompleteness or achieve or avoid an absolute result. The term“substantially” is therefore used herein to capture the potential lackof completeness inherent in many biological and chemical phenomena.

Target tissues: As used herein, the term “target tissues” refers to anytissue that is affected by a disease to be treated. In some embodiments,target tissues include those tissues that display disease-associatedpathology, symptom, or feature.

Therapeutically effective amount: As used herein, the term“therapeutically effective amount” of a therapeutic agent means anamount that is sufficient, when administered to a subject suffering fromor susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition, to treat,diagnose, prevent, and/or delay the onset of the symptom(s) of thedisease, disorder, and/or condition. It will be appreciated by those ofordinary skill in the art that a therapeutically effective amount istypically administered via a dosing regimen comprising at least one unitdose.

Treating: As used herein, the term “treat,” “treatment,” or “treating”refers to any method used to partially or completely alleviate,ameliorate, relieve, inhibit, prevent, delay onset of, reduce severityof and/or reduce incidence of one or more symptoms or features of aparticular disease, disorder, and/or condition. Treatment may beadministered to a subject who does not exhibit signs of a disease and/orexhibits only early signs of the disease for the purpose of decreasingthe risk of developing pathology associated with the disease.

Aliphatic: As used herein, the term aliphatic refers to C₁-C₄₀hydrocarbons and includes both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.An aliphatic may be linear, branched, or cyclic. For example, C₁-C₂₀aliphatics can include C₁-C₂₀ alkyls (e.g., linear or branched C₁-C₂₀saturated alkyls), C₂-C₂₀ alkenyls (e.g., linear or branched C₄-C₂₀dienyls, linear or branched C₆-C₂₀ trienyls, and the like), and C₂-C₂₀alkynyls (e.g, linear or branched C₂-C₂₀ alkynyls). C₁-C₂₀ aliphaticscan include C₃-C₂₀ cyclic aliphatics (e.g, C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyls, C₄-C₂₀cycloalkenyls, or C₈-C₂₀ cycloalkynyls). In certain embodiments, thealiphatic may comprise one or more cyclic aliphatic and/or one or moreheteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur and may optionally besubstituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl, halo, alkoxyl,hydroxy, amino, aryl, ether, ester or amide. An aliphatic group isunsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent groups asdescribed herein. For example, an aliphatic may be substituted with oneor more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 independently selected substituents)of halogen, —COR′, —CO₂H, —CO₂R′, —CN, —OH, —OR′, —OCOR′, —OCO₂R′, —NH₂,—NHR′, —N(R′)₂, —SR′ or —SO₂R′, wherein each instance of R′independently is C₁-C₂₀ aliphatic (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl,C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is anunsubstituted alkyl (e.g., unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl,C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently isunsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, the aliphatic isunsubstituted. In embodiments, the aliphatic does not include anyheteroatoms.

Alkyl: As used herein, the term “alkyl” means acyclic linear andbranched hydrocarbon groups, e.g. “C₁-C₂₀ alkyl” refers to alkyl groupshaving 1-20 carbons. An alkyl group may be linear or branched. Examplesof alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl,n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl,isopentyl tert-pentylhexyl, Isohexyletc. Other alkyl groups will bereadily apparent to those of skill in the art given the benefit of thepresent disclosure. An alkyl group may be unsubstituted or substitutedwith one or more substituent groups as described herein. For example, analkyl group may be substituted with one or more (e.g, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or6 independently selected substituents) of halogen, —COR′, —CO₂H, —CO₂R′,—CN, —OH, —OR′, —OCOR′, —OCO₂R′, —NH₂, —NHR′, —N(R′)₂, —SR′ or —SO₂R′,wherein each instance of R′ independently is C₁-C₂₀ aliphatic (e.g,C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). Inembodiments, R′ independently is an unsubstituted alkyl (e.g.,unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl).In embodiments, R′ independently is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. Inembodiments, the alkyl is substituted (e.g., with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6substituent groups as described herein). In embodiments, an alkyl groupis substituted with a-OH group and may also be referred to herein as a“hydroxyalkyl” group, where the prefix denotes the —OH group and “alkyl”is as described herein.

Alkylene: The term “alkylene,” as used herein, represents a saturateddivalent straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group and is exemplifiedby methylene, ethylene, isopropylene and the like. Likewise, the term“alkenylene” as used herein represents an unsaturated divalent straightor branched chain hydrocarbon group having one or more unsaturatedcarbon-carbon double bonds that may occur in any stable point along thechain, and the term “alkynylene” herein represents an unsaturateddivalent straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group having one or moreunsaturated carbon-carbon triple bonds that may occur in any stablepoint along the chain. In certain embodiments, an alkylene, alkenylene,or alkynylene group may comprise one or more cyclic aliphatic and/or oneor more heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur and mayoptionally be substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl,halo, alkoxyl, hydroxy, amino, aryl, ether, ester or amide. For example,an alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene may be substituted with one ormore (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 independently selected substituents) ofhalogen, —COR′, —CO₂H, —CO₂R′, —CN, —OH, —OR′, —OCOR′, —OCO₂R′, —NH₂,—NHR′, —N(R′)₂, —SR′ or —SO₂R′, wherein each instance of R′independently is C₁-C₂₀ aliphatic (e.g, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl,C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is anunsubstituted alkyl (e.g, unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl,C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently isunsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, an alkylene,alkenylene, or alkynylene is unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, analkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene does not include any heteroatoms.

Alkenyl. As used herein, “alkenyl” means any linear or branchedhydrocarbon chains having one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon doublebonds that may occur in any stable point along the chain, e.g., “C₂-C₂₀alkenyl” refers to an alkenyl group having 2-20 carbons. For example, analkenyl group includes prop-2-enyl, but-2-enyl, but-3-enyl,2-methylprop-2-enyl, hex-2-enyl, hex-5-enyl, 2,3-dimethylbut-2-enyl, andthe like. In embodiments, the alkenyl comprises 1, 2, or 3 carbon-carbondouble bond. In embodiments, the alkenyl comprises a singlecarbon-carbon double bond. In embodiments, multiple double bonds (e.g.,2 or 3) are conjugated. An alkenyl group may be unsubstituted orsubstituted with one or more substituent groups as described herein. Forexample, an alkenyl group may be substituted with one or more (e.g., 1,2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 independently selected substituents) of halogen, —COR′,—CO₂H, —CO₂R′, —CN, —OH, —OR′, —OCOR′, —OCO₂R′, —NH₂, —NHR′, —N(R′)₂,—SR′ or —SO₂R′, wherein each instance of R′ independently is C₁-C₂₀aliphatic (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is an unsubstituted alkyl(e.g., unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl.In embodiments, the alkenyl is unsubstituted. In embodiments, thealkenyl is substituted (e.g., with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituentgroups as described herein). In embodiments, an alkenyl group issubstituted with a-OH group and may also be referred to herein as a“hydroxyalkenyl” group, where the prefix denotes the —OH group and“alkenyl” is as described herein.

Alkynyl: As used herein, “alkynyl” means any hydrocarbon chain of eitherlinear or branched configuration, having one or more carbon-carbontriple bonds occurring in any stable point along the chain, e.g.,“C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl” refers to an alkynyl group having 2-20 carbons.Examples of an alkynyl group include prop-2-ynyl, but-2-ynyl,but-3-ynyl, pent-2-ynyl, 3-methylpent-4-ynyl, hex-2-ynyl, hex-5-ynyl,etc. In embodiments, an alkynyl comprises one carbon-carbon triple bond.An alkynyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or moresubstituent groups as described herein. For example, an alkynyl groupmay be substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6independently selected substituents) of halogen, —COR′, —CO₂H, —CO₂R′,—CN, —OH, —OR′, —OCOR′, —OCO₂R′, —NH₂, —NHR′, —N(R′)₂, —SR′ or —SO₂R′,wherein each instance of R′ independently is C₁-C₂₀ aliphatic (e.g.,C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). Inembodiments, R′ independently is an unsubstituted alkyl (e.g.,unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl).In embodiments, R′ independently is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. Inembodiments, the alkynyl is unsubstituted. In embodiments, the alkynylis substituted (e.g., with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituent groups asdescribed herein).

Amine: The term “amine” or “amino,” used interchangeably throughout, isused herein to refer to the group —NZ¹Z², where each of Z¹ and Z² areindependently hydrogen or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl and combinations thereof. Each of Z¹ andZ² can be independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or moresubstituent groups as described herein. For example, a dialkylaminegroup refers to the group —N(alkyl)₂, wherein each of the alkyl groupsmay be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents suchas alkyl, halo, alkoxyl, hydroxy, amino, aryl, ether, ester or amide.

Aryl: The terms “aryl” and “ar-”, used alone or as part of a largermoiety, e.g., “aralkyl”, “aralkoxy”, or “aryloxyalkyl”, refer to anoptionally substituted C₆₋₁₄-aromatic hydrocarbon moiety comprising oneto three aromatic rings. For example, the aryl group is a C₆₋₁₀-arylgroup (i.e., phenyl and naphthyl). Aryl groups include, withoutlimitation, optionally substituted phenyl, naphthyl, or anthracenyl. Theterms “aryl” and “ar-”, as used herein, also include groups in which anaryl ring is fused to one or more cycloaliphatic rings to form anoptionally substituted cyclic structure such as a tetrahydronaphthyl,indenyl, or indanyl ring. The term “aryl” may be used interchangeablywith the terms “aryl group”, “aryl ring”, and “aromatic ring”.

Cycloalkyl: As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” means a nonaromatic,saturated, cyclic group, e.g., “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl.” In embodiments, acycloalkyl is monocyclic. In embodiments, a cycloalkyl is polycyclic(e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic). In polycyclic cycloalkyl groups,individual rings can be fused, bridged, or spirocyclic. Examples of acycloalkyl group include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, norbornanyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, octahydro-pentalenyl,and spiro[4.5]decanyl, and the like. The term “cycloalkyl” may be usedinterchangeably with the term “carbocycle”. A cycloalkyl group may beunsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent groups asdescribed herein. For example, a cycloalkyl group may be substitutedwith one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 independently selectedsubstituents) of halogen, —COR′, —CO₂H, —CO₂R′, —CN, —OH, —OR′, —OCOR′,—OCO₂R′, —NH₂, —NHR′, —N(R′)₂, —SR′ or —SO₂R′, wherein each instance ofR′ independently is C₁-C₂₀ aliphatic (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl,C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is anunsubstituted alkyl (e.g., unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl,C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently isunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, the cycloalkyl isunsubstituted. In embodiments, the cycloalkyl is substituted (e.g., with1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituent groups as described herein).

Halogen: As used herein, the term “halogen” means fluorine, chlorine,bromine, or iodine.

Heteroalkenyl. The term “heteroalkenyl” is meant a branched orunbranched alkenyl group having from 2 to 14 carbon atoms in addition to1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the groupconsisting of N, O, S, and P. A heteroalkenyl may optionally includemonocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic rings, in which each ring desirablyhas three to six members. The heteroalkenyl group may be substituted orunsubstituted.

Heteroalkynyl. The term “heteroalkynyl” is meant a branched orunbranched alkynyl group having from 2 to 14 carbon atoms in addition to1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the groupconsisting of N, O, S, and P. A heteroalkynyl may optionally includemonocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic rings, in which each ring desirablyhas three to six members. The heteroalkynyl group may be substituted orunsubstituted.

Heteroalkyl. The term “heteroalkyl” is meant a branched or unbranchedalkyl group having from 1 to 14 carbon atoms in addition to 1, 2, 3 or 4heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, S,and P. Heteroalkyls include, without limitation, tertiary amines,secondary amines, ethers, thioethers, amides, thioamides, carbamates,thiocarbamates, hydrazones, imines, phosphodiesters, phosphoramidates,sulfonamides, and disulfides. A heteroalkyl may optionally includemonocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic rings, in which each ring desirablyhas three to six members. The heteroalkyl group may be substituted orunsubstituted. Examples of heteroalkyls include, without limitation,poly ethers, such as methoxymethyl and ethoxy ethyl.

Heteroaryl: The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar-”, used alone or aspart of a larger moiety, e.g., “heteroaralkyl”, or “heteroaralkoxy”,refer to groups having 5 to 14 ring atoms, preferably 5, 6, 9, or 10ring atoms; having 6, 10, or 14% electrons shared in a cyclic array; andhaving, in addition to carbon atoms, from one to five heteroatoms. Aheteroaryl group may be mono-, bi-, tri-, or polycyclic, for example,mono-, bi-, or tricyclic (e.g., mono- or bicyclic). The term“heteroatom” refers to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and includes anyoxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basicnitrogen. For example, a nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl may be a basicnitrogen atom and may also be optionally oxidized to the correspondingN-oxide. When a heteroaryl is substituted by a hydroxy group, it alsoincludes its corresponding tautomer. The terms “heteroaryl” and“heteroar-,” as used herein, also include groups in which aheteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more aryl, cycloaliphatic, orheterocycloaliphatic rings. Nonlimiting examples of heteroaryl groupsinclude thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl,tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl,thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolizinyl,purinyl, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl,benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl,quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl,quinoxalinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl,phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl,tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and pyrido[2,3-b]-1,4-oxazin-3(4H)-one. Theterm “heteroaryl” may be used interchangeably with the terms “heteroarylring,” “heteroaryl group,” or “heteroaromatic,” any of which termsinclude rings that are optionally substituted. The term “heteroaralkyl”refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heteroaryl, wherein the alkyland heteroaryl portions independently are optionally substituted.

Heterocyclyl. As used herein, the terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,”“heterocyclic radical,” and “heterocyclic ring” are used interchangeablyand refer to a stable 3- to 8-membered monocyclic or 7-10-memberedbicyclic heterocyclic moiety that is either saturated or partiallyunsaturated, and having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more, suchas one to four, heteroatoms, as defined above. When used in reference toa ring atom of a heterocycle, the term “nitrogen” includes a substitutednitrogen. As an example, in a saturated or partially unsaturated ringhaving 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, thenitrogen may be N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as inpyrrolidinyl), or NR⁺ (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl).

A heterocyclic ring can be attached to its pendant group at anyheteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure and any ofthe ring atoms can be optionally substituted. Examples of such saturatedor partially unsaturated heterocyclic radicals include, withoutlimitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, piperidinyl,decahydroquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl,diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, morpholinyl, and thiamorpholinyl. Aheterocyclyl group may be mono-, bi-, tri-, or polycyclic, preferablymono-, bi-, or tricyclic, more preferably mono- or bicyclic. The term“heterocyclylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by aheterocyclyl, wherein the alkyl and heterocyclyl portions independentlyare optionally substituted. Additionally, a heterocyclic ring alsoincludes groups in which the heterocyclic ring is fused to one or morearyl rings.

Cationic Lipids

Liposomal-based vehicles are considered an attractive carrier fortherapeutic agents and remain subject to continued development efforts.While liposomal-based vehicles that comprise a cationic lipid componenthave shown promising results with regards to encapsulation, stabilityand site localization, there remains a great need for improvement ofliposomal-based delivery systems. For example, a significant drawback ofliposomal delivery systems relates to the construction of liposomes thathave sufficient cell culture or in vivo stability to reach desiredtarget cells and/or intracellular compartments, and the ability of suchliposomal delivery systems to efficiently release their encapsulatedmaterials to such target cells.

In particular, there remains a need for improved cationic lipids thatdemonstrate improved pharmacokinetic properties and which are capable ofdelivering macromolecules, such as nucleic acids to a wide variety celltypes and tissues with enhanced efficiency. Importantly, there alsoremains a particular need for novel cationic lipids that arecharacterized as having reduced toxicity and are capable of efficientlydelivering encapsulated nucleic acids and polynucleotides to targetedcells, tissues and organs.

Described herein are novel cationic lipids, compositions comprising suchlipids, and related methods of their use. In embodiments, the compoundsdescribed herein are useful as liposomal compositions or as componentsof liposomal compositions to facilitate the delivery to, and subsequenttransfection of one or more target cells.

Cationic lipids disclosed herein comprise a basic, ionizable functionalgroup (e.g., an amine or a nitrogen-containing heteroaryl as describedherein), which is present in neutral or charged form.

In embodiments, cationic lipids described herein can provide one or moredesired characteristics or properties. That is, in certain embodiments,cationic lipids described herein can be characterized as having one ormore properties that afford such compounds advantages relative to othersimilarly classified lipids. For example, cationic lipids disclosedherein can allow for the control and tailoring of the properties ofliposomal compositions (e.g., lipid nanoparticles) of which they are acomponent. In particular, cationic lipids disclosed herein can becharacterized by enhanced transfection efficiencies and their ability toprovoke specific biological outcomes. Such outcomes can include, forexample enhanced cellular uptake, endosomal/lysosomal disruptioncapabilities and/or promoting the release of encapsulated materials(e.g., polynucleotides) intracellularly.

Exemplary vitamin-based cationic lipids are described herein. Suchexemplary cationic lipids can be used in any of the compositions andmethods described herein. For example, any of the vitamin-based cationiclipids can be used in any of the liposomes described herein and any ofthe nucleic acids encapsulated within a liposome described herein, aswell as compositions and methods of use thereof.

Cationic Lipids

Vitamin A Cationic Lipids

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid derivedfrom Vitamin A.

Cationic Lipids of Formula (A-I)

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid ofFormula (A-I):

wherein

R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-memberedheteroarylene;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is S, C═O, or C═S;

X³ is S, O, CR^(a)R^(b), or NR^(c);

R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or

R^(a) and R^(b), together with the carbon atom through which they areconnected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to6-membered heterocyclic ring; and

R^(c) is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl,C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, X² is S.

In embodiments, X² is C═O.

In embodiments, X² is C═S.

In embodiments, X³ is S.

In embodiments, X³ is O.

In embodiments, X³ is CR^(a)R^(b), wherein R^(a) and R^(b) are eachindependently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl,C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl. Alternatively, X³ is CR^(a)R^(b),wherein R^(a) and R^(b), together with the carbon atom through whichthey are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring.

In embodiments, X³ is NR^(c), wherein R^(c) is independently H,C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, orC₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(A-Ia):

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, apolymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₁H₂—, —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, C₄H₈—, —C₅H₁₀—, C₆H₁₂—,—C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—,—C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—,—C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₆H₁₃—, —C₇H₂₅—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—,—C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—,—C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or—C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or —C₄H₈—.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one orsubstituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, andthioester.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene,C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene,C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene,C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene,unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂₋₃, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—.

An ionizable nitrogen-containing group can refer to a nitrogenfunctional group (e.g., NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- ordialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl) that can be converted to a charged groupby protonation with an acid or deprotonation with a base. Accordingly,in embodiments, X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine,5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl.

In embodiments, X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containingheterocycloalkyl. Suitable 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl,piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrrolyl,pyrrolinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl,thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and oxazinyl.In embodiments, X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl,piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.

In embodiments, X¹ is dialkylamine. In embodiments, X¹ is unsubstituteddialkylamine. In embodiments, X¹ is substituted dialkylamine.

In embodiments, X¹ is N(Me)₂.

In embodiments, X¹ is

whereinR^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl,C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl; and each nis independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently unsubstitutedC₆-C₃₀-alkyl.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅,—C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁,—C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, C₂₀H₄₁, —C₂₁H₄₃, —C₂₂H₄₅, —C₂₃H₄₇,—C₂₄H₄₉, or —C₂₅H₅₁.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently substitutedC₆-C₃₀-alkyl with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl,amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently isC₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently is selectedfrom C₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl,C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl,C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently is selectedfrom unsubstituted C₈-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₉-alkenyl, unsubstitutedC₁₀-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenyl,unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenyl, unsubstitutedC₁₅-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenyl,unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenyl, and unsubstitutedC₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently is selectedfrom —(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.

In embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, an ionizable nitrogen-containing group is

In embodiments, X¹ is

Cationic Lipids of Formula (A-II)

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid ofFormula (A-II):

wherein

X⁴ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group; and

each X⁵ is independently S, C═O, or C═S;

each X⁶ is independently S, O, CR^(a)R^(b), or NR^(c);

-   -   R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl,        C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl;        or    -   R^(a) and R^(b), together with the carbon atom through which        they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated        C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and    -   R^(c) is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,        C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is S.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is C═O.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is C═S.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is S.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is O.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is CR^(a)R^(b), wherein R^(a) and R^(b) are eachindependently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl,C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl. Alternatively, each X⁶ is CR^(a)R^(b),wherein R^(a) and R^(b), together with the carbon atom through whichthey are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is NR^(c), wherein R^(c) is independently H,C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, orC₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid of Formula (A-II) has a structureaccording to Formula (A-IIa):

In embodiments, X⁴ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine,5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl. For example, in embodiments, X⁴ is

In embodiments, X⁴ is any ionizable nitrogen-containing group describedherein (e.g., X⁴ can be any group recited for X¹ of Formula (I) or(Ia)).

Vitamin D Cationic Lipids

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid derivedfrom Vitamin D.

Cationic Lipids of Formula (D-A)

In one aspect, the invention provides a cationic lipid having astructure according to Formula (D-A):

wherein

-   represents a single or double bond;-   X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;-   X² is O or S;-   Z is O or a covalent bond;-   R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,    hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,    hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to    6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered    heteroarylene; and-   R² is H or C₁-C₄-alkyl.

In embodiments,

represents a single bond.

In embodiments,

represents a double bond.

In embodiments, Z is a covalent bond (e.g., compounds of Formula (D-I)).

In embodiments, Z is a O (e.g, compounds of Formula (D-III)).

In embodiments, X² is O.

In embodiments, X² is S.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₁H₂—, —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, C₄H₈—, —C₈H₁₀—, C₆H₁₂—,—C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—,—C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—,—C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—,—C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—,—C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or—C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl with one or substituentsselected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene,C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene,C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene,C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene,unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—.

In embodiments, R² is H.

In embodiments, R² is C₁-C₄-alkyl. In embodiments, R² is unsubstitutedC₁-C₄-alkyl. In embodiments, R² is substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl. Inembodiments, R² is CH₃. In embodiments, R² is CH₂CH₃.

In embodiments, X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine,5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl.

In embodiments, X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containingheterocycloalkyl. Suitable 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl,piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrrolyl,pyrrolinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl,thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and oxazinyl.In embodiments, X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl,piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.

In embodiments, X¹ is dialkylamine. In embodiments, X¹ is unsubstituteddialkylamine. In embodiments, X¹ is substituted dialkylamine.

In embodiments, X¹ is N(Me)₂.

In embodiments. X¹ is

whereinR^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkylene,C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer,C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene,C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene; andeach n is independently an integer having a value between about 1 andabout 6.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independentlyC₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently unsubstitutedC₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently —C₆H₁₂—,—C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—,—C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—,—C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently substitutedC₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituents selected from halogen,hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently isC₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently is selectedfrom C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene,C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene,C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, andC₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently is selectedfrom unsubstituted CV alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene,unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene,unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene,unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene,unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene,unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, andunsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently is selectedfrom —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—.

In embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, X¹ is

Suitable 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are notlimited to, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl,morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrazolyl,imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl,pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and oxazinyl. In embodiments, X¹ issubstituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl,or piperazinyl, or

Cationic Lipids of Formula (D-I)

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid ofFormula (D-A) having a structure according to Formula (D-I):

wherein

-   represents a single or double bond;-   X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;-   X² is O or S;-   R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,    hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,    hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to    6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered    heteroarylene; and-   R² is H or C₁-C₄-alkyl. In embodiments, R² is H. Alternatively, in    embodiments, R² is C₁-C₄-alkyl, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl,    propyl, isopropyl, or butyl. In preferred embodiments, R² is H,    methyl, or ethyl.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(D-Ia):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(D-Ib):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(D-Ic):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(D-Id):

In embodiments, X² is O.

In embodiments, X² is S.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene,C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-memberedheteroarylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₆H₁₂, —C₇H₁₄, —C₈H₁₆, —C₉H₁₈, —C₁₀H₂₀, —C₁₁H₂₂,—C₁₂H₂₄, —C₁₃H₂₆, —C₁₄H₂₈, —C₁₅H₃₀, —C₁₆H₃₂, —C₁₇H₃₄, —C₁₈H₃₆, —C₁₉H₃₈,—C₂₀H₄₀, —C₂₁H₄₂, —C₂₂H₄₄, —C₂₃H₄₆, —C₂₄H₄₈, or —C₂₅H₅₀.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl with one or substituentsselected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene,C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene,C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene,C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene,unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.

As used herein, an ionizable nitrogen-containing group can refer to anitrogen functional group (e.g., NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- ordialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl) that can be converted to a charged groupby protonation with an acid or deprotonation with a base.

Accordingly, in embodiments, X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- ordialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl. For example, in embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containingheterocycloalkyl. Suitable 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl,piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrrolyl,pyrrolinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl,thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and oxazinyl.In embodiments, X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl,piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.

In embodiments, X¹ is dialkylamine. In embodiments, X¹ is unsubstituteddialkylamine. In embodiments, X¹ is substituted dialkylamine.

In embodiments, X¹ is N(Me)₂.

In embodiments, X¹ is

whereinR^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₁-C₁₀-alkylene,C₁-C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁-C₁₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer,C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene,C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene; andeach n is independently an integer having a value between about 1 andabout 6.

In embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, X¹ is

Cationic Lipids of Formula (D-III

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid ofFormula (D-II):

whereinX³ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group; andeach X⁴ is independently S or O.

In embodiments, each X⁴ is S.

In embodiments, each X⁴ is O.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid of Formula (D-II) has a structureaccording to Formula (D-IIa):

In embodiments, X³ is any ionizable nitrogen-containing group describedherein (e.g., X³ can be any group recited for X¹ of Formula (D-A),(D-I), (D-III), (D-Ia), (D-Ib), (D-Ic), (D-Id), (D-IIIa), (D-IIIb),(D-IIIc), or (D-IIId)).

In embodiments, X³ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine,5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl. For example, in embodiments, X³ is

Cationic Lipids of Formula (D-III)

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid ofFormula (D-III):

wherein

-   represents a single or double bond;-   X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;-   X² is O or S;-   R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,    hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,    hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to    6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered    heteroarylene; and-   R² is H or C₁-C₄-alkyl.

In embodiments, R² is H. Alternatively, in embodiments, R² isC₁-C₄-alkyl, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, orbutyl. In preferred embodiments, R² is H, methyl, or ethyl.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(D-IIIa):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(D-IIIb):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(D-IIIc):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(D-IIId):

In embodiments, X² is O.

In embodiments, X² is S.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₃n-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene,C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-memberedheteroarylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₁H₂, —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, C₄H₈—, —C₅H₁₀—, C₆H₁₂—,—C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—,—C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—,—C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—,—C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—,—C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₂₆S—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—,or —C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl with one or substituentsselected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene,C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene,C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene,C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene,unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—.

As used herein, an ionizable nitrogen-containing group can refer to anitrogen functional group (e.g., NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- ordialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl) that can be converted to a charged groupby protonation with an acid or deprotonation with a base. Accordingly,in embodiments, X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine,5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl.

In embodiments, X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containingheterocycloalkyl, such as, for example, In embodiments, X¹ is a 5- to6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, X¹ issubstituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl,or piperazinyl.

In embodiments, X¹ is substituted dialkylamine.

In embodiments, X¹ is

whereinR^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkylene,C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer,C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene,C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene; and each n isindependently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.

In embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, X¹ is

Vitamin E Cationic lipids

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid derivedfrom Vitamin E.

Cationic Lipids of Formula (E-I)

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid ofFormula (E-I):

wherein

R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-memberedheteroarylene;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is S, C═O, or C═S;

X³ is S, O, CR^(a)R^(b), or NR^(c);

R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or

R^(a) and R^(b), together with the carbon atom through which they areconnected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to6-membered heterocyclic ring; and

R^(c) is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl,C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, X² is S.

In embodiments, X² is C═O.

In embodiments, X² is C═S.

In embodiments, X³ is S.

In embodiments, X³ is O.

In embodiments, X³ is CR^(a)R^(b), wherein R^(a) and R^(b) are eachindependently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl,C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl. Alternatively, X³ is CR^(a)R^(b),wherein R^(a) and R^(b), together with the carbon atom through whichthey are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring.

In embodiments, X³ is NR^(c), wherein R^(c) is independently H,C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, orC₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula(E-Ia):

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene,C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-memberedheteroarylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₁H₂—, C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, C₄H₈—, —C₅H₁₀—, C₆H₁₂—,—C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—,—C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—,—C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—,—C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—,—C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or—C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one orsubstituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, andthioester.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene,C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene,C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene,C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene,unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.

An ionizable nitrogen-containing group can refer to a nitrogenfunctional group (e.g., NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- ordialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl) that can be converted to a charged groupby protonation with an acid or deprotonation with a base. Accordingly,in embodiments, X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine,5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl.

In embodiments, X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containingheterocycloalkyl. Suitable 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl,piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrrolyl,pyrrolinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl,thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and oxazinyl.In embodiments, X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl,piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.

In embodiments, X¹ is dialkylamine. In some embodiments, X¹ isunsubstituted dialkylamine. In some embodiments, X¹ is substituteddialkylamine.

In embodiments, X¹ is

whereinR^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl,C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl; and each nis independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently unsubstitutedC₆-C₃₀-alkyl.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅,—C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁,—C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, —C₂₀H₄₁, —C₂₁H₄₃, —C₂₂H₄₅, —C₂₃H₄₇,—C₂₄H₄₉, or —C₂₅H₅₁.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently substitutedC₆-C₃₀-alkyl with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl,amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently isC₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently is selectedfrom C₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl,C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl,C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently is selectedfrom unsubstituted C₈-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₉-alkenyl, unsubstitutedC₁₀-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenyl,unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenyl, unsubstitutedC₁₅-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenyl,unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenyl, and unsubstitutedC₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently is selectedfrom —(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.

In embodiments, X¹ is H Me;

In embodiments, an ionizable nitrogen-containing group is

In embodiments, X¹ is

Cationic Lipids of Formula (E-II)

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid ofFormula (E-II):

wherein

-   X⁴ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group; and-   each X⁵ is independently S, C═O, or C═S;-   each X⁶ is independently S, O, CR^(a)R^(b), or NR^(c);-   R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,    C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or-   R^(a) and R^(b), together with the carbon atom through which they    are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or    5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and-   R^(c) is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,    C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is S.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is C═O.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is C═S.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is S.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is O.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is CR^(a)R^(b), wherein R^(a) and R^(b) are eachindependently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl,C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl. Alternatively, each X³ is CR^(a)R^(b),wherein R^(a) and R^(b), together with the carbon atom through whichthey are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is NR^(c), wherein R^(c) is independently H,C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, orC₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid of Formula (E-II) has a structureaccording to Formula (E-IIa):

In embodiments, X⁴ is any ionizable nitrogen-containing group describedherein (e.g., X⁴ can be any group recited for X¹ of Formula (E-I) or(E-Ia)).

In embodiments, X⁴ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine,5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl. For example, in embodiments, X⁴ is

Vitamin K Cationic Lipids

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid derivedfrom Vitamin K.

Cationic Lipids of Formula (K-1)

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid ofFormula (K-I):

wherein

-   -   R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,        hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,        hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to        6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to        6-membered heteroarylene;    -   X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;    -   X² is S, C═O, or C═S;    -   X³ is S, O, CR^(a)R^(b), or NR^(c);        -   R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl,            C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or            C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or    -   R^(a) and R^(b), together with the carbon atom through which        they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated        C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and        -   R^(c) is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,            C₁-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, X² is S.

In embodiments, X² is C═O.

In embodiments, X² is C═S.

In embodiments, X³ is S.

In embodiments, X³ is O.

In embodiments, X³ is CR^(a)R^(b), wherein R^(a) and R^(b) are eachindependently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl,C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, X³ is CR^(a)R^(b), wherein R^(a) and R^(b), togetherwith the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturatedor unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring.

In embodiments, X³ is NR^(c), wherein R^(c) is independently H,C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, orC₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid of Formula (K-I) has a structureaccording to Formula (K-Ia):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid of Formula (K-I) has a structureaccording to Formula (K-Ib):

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, apolymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃,—C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉,—C₂₀H₄₁, —C₂₁H₄₃, —C₂₂H₄₅, —C₂₃H₄₇, —C₂₄H₄₉, or —C₂₅H₅₁

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl with one or substituentsselected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenyl, C₁₀-alkenyl,C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl, C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl,C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl, C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenyl,unsubstituted C₉-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenyl, unsubstitutedC₁₁-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenyl,unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenyl, unsubstitutedC₁₆-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenyl,unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenyl, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is —(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₃,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₃,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₃,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₃.

An ionizable nitrogen-containing group can refer to a nitrogenfunctional group (e.g., NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- ordialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl) that can be converted to a charged groupby protonation with an acid or deprotonation with a base. Accordingly,in embodiments, X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine,5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl. For example, in embodiments, anionizable nitrogen-containing group is

Cationic Lipids of Formula (K-II)

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid ofFormula (K-II):

wherein

X⁴ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

each X⁵ is independently S, C═O, or C═S;

each X⁶ is independently S, O, CR^(a)R^(b), or NR^(c);

-   -   R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl,        C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl;        or

each combination of R^(a) and R^(b), together with the carbon atomthrough which they are connected, may form a saturated or unsaturatedC₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and

-   -   R^(c) is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,        C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is S.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is C═O.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is C═S.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is S.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is O.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid of Formula (K-II) has a structureaccording to Formula (K-IIa):

In embodiments, X⁴ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine,5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl. For example, in embodiments, X⁴ is

Exemplary Cationic Lipids

One exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is Cationic Lipid(A1),

Another exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is CationicLipid (A2),

One exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is Cationic Lipid(3),

One exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is Cationic Lipid(A4),

One exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is Cationic Lipid(D1),

Another exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is CationicLipid (D2),

Yet another exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention isCationic Lipid (D3),

Yet another exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention isCationic Lipid (D4),

Another exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is CationicLipid (D5), (D5).

An exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is Cationic Lipid(D6),

An exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is Cationic Lipid(D7),

One exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is Cationic Lipid(E1),

Another exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is CationicLipid (E2),

Yet another exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention isCationic Lipid (E3),

Still another exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention isCationic Lipid (E4),

Another exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is CationicLipid (E5),

One exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is Cationic Lipid(K1),

Another exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is CationicLipid (K2),

Yet another exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention isCationic Lipid (K3),

Still another exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention isCationic Lipid (K4),

Synthesis of Cationic Lipids

Cationic lipids described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any ofFormulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A),(D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g.,(E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e g., (K-I)-(K-II) and(K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5)and (K1)-(K4)) can be prepared according to methods known in the art.

Exemplary synthetic methods are shown in the Examples.

Nucleic Acids

Cationic lipids described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any ofFormulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A),(D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e g.,(E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e g., (K-I)-(K-II) and(K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5)and (K1)-(K4)) can be used to prepare compositions useful for thedelivery of nucleic acids.

Synthesis of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids according to the present invention may be synthesizedaccording to any known methods. For example, mRNAs according to thepresent invention may be synthesized via in vitro transcription (IVT).Briefly, IVT is typically performed with a linear or circular DNAtemplate containing a promoter, a pool of ribonucleotide triphosphates,a buffer system that may include DTT and magnesium ions, and anappropriate RNA polymerase (e.g, T3, T7, mutated T7 or SP6 RNApolymerase), DNAse I, pyrophosphatase, and/or RNAse inhibitor. The exactconditions will vary according to the specific application.

In some embodiments, for the preparation of mRNA according to theinvention, a DNA template is transcribed in vitro. A suitable DNAtemplate typically has a promoter, for example a T3, T7, mutated T7 orSP6 promoter, for in vitro transcription, followed by desired nucleotidesequence for desired mRNA and a termination signal.

Desired mRNA sequence(s) according to the invention may be determinedand incorporated into a DNA template using standard methods. Forexample, starting from a desired amino acid sequence (e.g., an enzymesequence), a virtual reverse translation is carried out based on thedegenerated genetic code. Optimization algorithms may then be used forselection of suitable codons. Typically, the G/C content can beoptimized to achieve the highest possible G/C content on one hand,taking into the best possible account the frequency of the tRNAsaccording to codon usage on the other hand. The optimized RNA sequencecan be established and displayed, for example, with the aid of anappropriate display device and compared with the original (wild-type)sequence. A secondary structure can also be analyzed to calculatestabilizing and destabilizing properties or, respectively, regions ofthe RNA.

As described above, the term “nucleic acid,” in its broadest sense,refers to any compound and/or substance that is or can be incorporatedinto a polynucleotide chain. DNA may be in the form of antisense DNA,plasmid DNA, parts of a plasmid DNA, pre-condensed DNA, a product of apolymerase chain reaction (PCR), vectors (e.g., PI, PAC, BAC, YAC,artificial chromosomes), expression cassettes, chimeric sequences,chromosomal DNA, or derivatives of these groups. RNA may be in the formof messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), signal recognitionparticle RNA (7 SL RNA or SRP RNA), transfer RNA (tRNA),transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), smallnucleolar RNA (snoRNA), SmY RNA, small Cajal body-specific RNA (scaRNA),guide RNA (gRNA), ribonuclease P (RNase P), Y RNA, telomerase RNAcomponent (TERC), spliced leader RNA (SL RNA), antisense RNA (aRNA orasRNA), cis-natural antisense transcript (cis-NAT), CRISPR RNA (crRNA),long noncoding RNA (IncRNA), microRNA (miRNA), piwi-interacting RNA(piRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), transacting siRNA (tasiRNA),repeat associated siRNA (rasiRNA), 73K RNA, retrotransposons, a viralgenome, a viroid, satellite RNA, or derivatives of these groups. In someembodiments, a nucleic acid is a mRNA encoding a protein.

Synthesis of mRNA

mRNAs according to the present invention may be synthesized according toany of a variety of known methods. For example, mRNAs according to thepresent invention may be synthesized via in vitro transcription (IVT).Briefly, IVT is typically performed with a linear or circular DNAtemplate containing a promoter, a pool of ribonucleotide triphosphates,a buffer system that may include DTT and magnesium ions, and anappropriate RNA polymerase (e.g., T3, T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase), DNAseI, pyrophosphatase, and/or RNAse inhibitor. The exact conditions willvary according to the specific application. The exact conditions willvary according to the specific application. The presence of thesereagents is undesirable in the final product according to severalembodiments and may thus be referred to as impurities and a preparationcontaining one or more of these impurities may be referred to as animpure preparation. In some embodiments, the in vitro transcribingoccurs in a single batch.

In some embodiments, for the preparation of mRNA according to theinvention, a DNA template is transcribed in vitro. A suitable DNAtemplate typically has a promoter, for example a T3, T7 or SP6 promoter,for in vitro transcription, followed by desired nucleotide sequence fordesired mRNA and a termination signal.

Desired mRNA sequence(s) according to the invention may be determinedand incorporated into a DNA template using standard methods. Forexample, starting from a desired amino acid sequence (e.g., an enzymesequence), a virtual reverse translation is carried out based on thedegenerated genetic code. Optimization algorithms may then be used forselection of suitable codons. Typically, the G/C content can beoptimized to achieve the highest possible G/C content on one hand,taking into the best possible account the frequency of the tRNAsaccording to codon usage on the other hand. The optimized RNA sequencecan be established and displayed, for example, with the aid of anappropriate display device and compared with the original (wild-type)sequence. A secondary structure can also be analyzed to calculatestabilizing and destabilizing properties or, respectively, regions ofthe RNA.

Modified mRNA

In some embodiments, mRNA according to the present invention may besynthesized as unmodified or modified mRNA. Modified mRNA comprisenucleotide modifications in the RNA. A modified mRNA according to theinvention can thus include nucleotide modification that are, forexample, backbone modifications, sugar modifications or basemodifications. In some embodiments, mRNAs may be synthesized fromnaturally occurring nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogues (modifiednucleotides) including, but not limited to, purines (adenine (A),guanine (G)) or pyrimidines (thymine (T), cytosine (C), uracil (U)), andas modified nucleotides analogues or derivatives of purines andpyrimidines, such as e.g. 1-methyl-adenine, 2-methyl-adenine,2-methylthio-N-6-isopentenyl-adenine, N6-methyl-adenine,N6-isopentenyl-adenine, 2-thio-cytosine, 3-methyl-cytosine,4-acetyl-cytosine, 5-methyl-cytosine, 2,6-diaminopurine,1-methyl-guanine, 2-methyl-guanine, 2,2-dimethyl-guanine,7-methyl-guanine, inosine, 1-methyl-inosine, pseudouracil (5-uracil),dihydro-uracil, 2-thio-uracil, 4-thio-uracil,5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thio-uracil,5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)-uracil, 5-fluoro-uracil, 5-bromo-uracil,5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-uracil, 5-methyl-2-thio-uracil,5-methyl-uracil, N-uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methyl ester,5-methylaminomethyl-uracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thio-uracil,5′-methoxycarbonylmethyl-uracil, 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil-5-oxyaceticacid methyl ester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 1-methyl-pseudouracil,queosine, .beta.-D-mannosyl-queosine, wybutoxosine, andphosphoramidates, phosphorothioates, peptide nucleotides,methylphosphonates, 7-deazaguanosine, 5-methylcytosine and inosine. Thepreparation of such analogues is known to a person skilled in the arte.g., from the U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,373,071, 4,401,796, 4,415,732,4,458,066, 4,500,707, 4,668,777, 4,973,679, 5,047,524, 5,132,418,5,153,319, 5,262,530 and 5,700,642, the disclosures of which areincorporated by reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments, mRNAs may contain RNA backbone modifications.Typically, a backbone modification is a modification in which thephosphates of the backbone of the nucleotides contained in the RNA aremodified chemically. Exemplary backbone modifications typically include,but are not limited to, modifications from the group consisting ofmethylphosphonates, methylphosphoramidates, phosphoramidates,phosphorothioates (e.g. cytidine 5′-O-(1-thiophosphate)),boranophosphates, positively charged guanidinium groups etc., whichmeans by replacing the phosphodiester linkage by other anionic, cationicor neutral groups.

In some embodiments, mRNAs may contain sugar modifications. A typicalsugar modification is a chemical modification of the sugar of thenucleotides it contains including, but not limited to, sugarmodifications chosen from the group consisting of 4′-thio-ribonucleotide(see, e.g, US Patent Application Publication No. US 2016/0031928,incorporated by reference herein),2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-oligoribonucleotide (2′-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine5′-triphosphate, 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate),2′-deoxy-2′-deamine-oligoribonucleotide (2′-amino-2′-deoxycytidine5′-triphosphate, 2′-amino-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate),2′-O-alkyloligoribonucleotide, 2′-deoxy-2′-C-alkyloligoribonucleotide(2′-O-methylcytidine 5′-triphosphate, 2′-methyluridine 5′-triphosphate),2′-C-alkyloligoribonucleotide, and isomers thereof (2′-aracytidine5′-triphosphate, 2′-arauridine 5′-triphosphate), or azidotriphosphates(2′-azido-2′-deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate, 2′-azido-2′-deoxyuridine5′-triphosphate).

In some embodiments, mRNAs may contain modifications of the bases of thenucleotides (base modifications). A modified nucleotide which contains abase modification is also called a base-modified nucleotide. Examples ofsuch base-modified nucleotides include, but are not limited to,2-amino-6-chloropurine riboside 5′-triphosphate, 2-aminoadenosine5′-triphosphate, 2-thiocytidine 5′-triphosphate, 2-thiouridine5′-triphosphate, 4-thiouridine 5′-triphosphate, 5-aminoallylcytidine5′-triphosphate, 5-aminoallyluridine 5′-triphosphate, 5-bromocytidine5′-triphosphate, 5-bromouridine 5′-triphosphate, 5-iodocytidine5′-triphosphate, 5-iodouridine 5′-triphosphate, 5-methylcytidine5′-triphosphate, 5-methyluridine 5′-triphosphate, 6-azacytidine5′-triphosphate, 6-azauridine 5′-triphosphate, 6-chloropurine riboside5′-triphosphate, 7-deazaadenosine 5′-triphosphate, 7-deazaguanosine5′-triphosphate, 8-azaadenosine 5′-triphosphate, 8-azidoadenosine5′-triphosphate, benzimidazole riboside 5′-triphosphate,N1-methyladenosine 5′-triphosphate, N1-methylguanosine 5′-triphosphate,N6-methyladenosine 5′-triphosphate, 06-methylguanosine 5′-triphosphate,pseudouridine 5′-triphosphate, puromycin 5′-triphosphate or xanthosine5′-triphosphate.

Typically, mRNA synthesis includes the addition of a “cap” on theN-terminal (5′) end, and a “tail” on the C-terminal (3′) end. Thepresence of the cap is important in providing resistance to nucleasesfound in most eukaryotic cells. The presence of a “tail” serves toprotect the mRNA from exonuclease degradation.

Thus, in some embodiments, mRNAs include a 5′ cap structure. A 5′ cap istypically added as follows: first, an RNA terminal phosphatase removesone of the terminal phosphate groups from the 5′ nucleotide, leaving twoterminal phosphates; guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is then added to theterminal phosphates via a guanylyl transferase, producing a 5′5′5triphosphate linkage; and the 7-nitrogen of guanine is then methylatedby a methyltransferase. Examples of cap structures include, but are notlimited to, m7G(5′)ppp (5′(A,G(5′)ppp(5′)A and G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 3′ poly (A) tail structure. Apoly-A tail on the 3′ terminus of mRNA typically includes about 10 to300 adenosine nucleotides (e.g., about 10 to 200 adenosine nucleotides,about 10 to 150 adenosine nucleotides, about 10 to 100 adenosinenucleotides, about 20 to 70 adenosine nucleotides, or about 20 to 60adenosine nucleotides). In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 3′ poly(C)tail structure. A suitable poly-C tail on the 3′ terminus of mRNAtypically include about 10 to 200 cytosine nucleotides (e.g., about 10to 150 cytosine nucleotides, about 10 to 100 cytosine nucleotides, about20 to 70 cytosine nucleotides, about 20 to 60 cytosine nucleotides, orabout 10 to 40 cytosine nucleotides). The poly-C tail may be added tothe poly-A tail or may substitute the poly-A tail.

In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 5′ and/or 3′ untranslated region.In some embodiments, a 5′ untranslated region includes one or moreelements that affect an mRNA's stability or translation, for example, aniron responsive element. In some embodiments, a 5′ untranslated regionmay be between about 50 and 500 nucleotides in length.

In some embodiments, a 3′ untranslated region includes one or more of apolyadenylation signal, a binding site for proteins that affect anmRNA's stability of location in a cell, or one or more binding sites formiRNAs. In some embodiments, a 3′ untranslated region may be between 50and 500 nucleotides in length or longer.

Cap Structure

In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 5′ cap structure. A 5′ cap istypically added as follows: first, an RNA terminal phosphatase removesone of the terminal phosphate groups from the 5′ nucleotide, leaving twoterminal phosphates; guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is then added to theterminal phosphates via a guanylyl transferase, producing a 5′5′5triphosphate linkage; and the 7-nitrogen of guanine is then methylatedby a methyltransferase. Examples of cap structures include, but are notlimited to, m7G(5′)ppp (5′(A,G(5′)ppp(5′)A and G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

Naturally occurring cap structures comprise a 7-methyl guanosine that islinked via a triphosphate bridge to the 5′-end of the first transcribednucleotide, resulting in a dinucleotide cap of m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)N, where Nis any nucleoside. In vivo, the cap is added enzymatically. The cap isadded in the nucleus and is catalyzed by the enzyme guanylyltransferase. The addition of the cap to the 5′ terminal end of RNAoccurs immediately after initiation of transcription. The terminalnucleoside is typically a guanosine, and is in the reverse orientationto all the other nucleotides, i.e., G(5′)ppp(5′)GpNpNp.

A common cap for mRNA produced by in vitro transcription ism⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G, which has been used as the dinucleotide cap intranscription with T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase in vitro to obtain RNAshaving a cap structure in their 5′-termini. The prevailing method forthe in vitro synthesis of caPPEd mRNA employs a pre-formed dinucleotideof the form m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G (“m⁷GpppG”) as an initiator oftranscription.

To date, a usual form of a synthetic dinucleotide cap used in in vitrotranslation experiments is the Anti-Reverse Cap Analog (“ARCA”) ormodified ARCA, which is generally a modified cap analog in which the 2′or 3′ OH group is replaced with —OCH₃.

Additional cap analogs include, but are not limited to, a chemicalstructures selected from the group consisting of m⁷GpppG, m⁷GpppA,m⁷GpppC; unmethylated cap analogs (e.g., GpppG); dimethylated cap analog(e.g., m^(2,7)GpppG), trimethylated cap analog (e.g., m^(2,2,7)GpppG),dimethylated symmetrical cap analogs (e.g., m⁷Gpppm⁷G), or anti reversecap analogs (e.g., ARCA; m⁷, ^(2′Ome)GpppG, m^(72′d)GpppG,^(7,3′Ome)GpppG, m^(7,3′d)GpppG and their tetraphosphate derivatives)(see, e.g., Jemielity, J. et al., “Novel ‘anti-reverse’ cap analogs withsuperior translational properties”, RNA, 9: 1108-22 (2003)).

In some embodiments, a suitable cap is a 7-methyl guanylate (“m⁷G”)linked via a triphosphate bridge to the 5′-end of the first transcribednucleotide, resulting in m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)N, where N is any nucleoside. Apreferred embodiment of a m⁷G cap utilized in embodiments of theinvention is m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

In some embodiments, the cap is a Cap0 structure. Cap0 structures lack a2′-O-methyl residue of the ribose attached to bases 1 and 2. In someembodiments, the cap is a Cap1 structure. Cap1 structures have a2′-O-methyl residue at base 2. In some embodiments, the cap is a Cap2structure. Cap2 structures have a 2′-O-methyl residue attached to bothbases 2 and 3.

A variety of m⁷G cap analogs are known in the art, many of which arecommercially available. These include the m⁷GpppG described above, aswell as the ARCA 3′-OCH₃ and 2′-OCH₃ cap analogs (Jemielity, J. et al.,RNA, 9: 1108-22 (2003)). Additional cap analogs for use in embodimentsof the invention include N7-benzylated dinucleoside tetraphosphateanalogs (described in Grudzien, E. et al., RNA, 10: 1479-87 (2004)),phosphorothioate cap analogs (described in Grudzien-Nogalska, E., etal., RNA, 13: 1745-55 (2007)), and cap analogs (including biotinylatedcap analogs) described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,093,367 and 8,304,529,incorporated by reference herein.

Tail Structure

Typically, the presence of a “tail” serves to protect the mRNA fromexonuclease degradation. The poly A tail is thought to stabilize naturalmessengers and synthetic sense RNA. Therefore, in certain embodiments along poly A tail can be added to an mRNA molecule thus rendering the RNAmore stable. Poly A tails can be added using a variety of art-recognizedtechniques. For example, long poly A tails can be added to synthetic orin vitro transcribed RNA using poly A polymerase (Yokoe, et al. NatureBiotechnology. 1996; 14: 1252-56). A transcription vector can alsoencode long poly A tails. In addition, poly A tails can be added bytranscription directly from PCR products. Poly A may also be ligated tothe 3′ end of a sense RNA with RNA ligase (see, e.g., Molecular CloningA Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., ed. by Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 1991 edition)).

In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 3′ poly (A) tail structure.Typically, the length of the poly A tail can be at least about 10, 50,100, 200, 300, 400 at least 500 nucleotides. In some embodiments, apoly-A tail on the 3′ terminus of mRNA typically includes about 10 to300 adenosine nucleotides (e.g., about 10 to 200 adenosine nucleotides,about 10 to 150 adenosine nucleotides, about 10 to 100 adenosinenucleotides, about 20 to 70 adenosine nucleotides, or about 20 to 60adenosine nucleotides). In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 3′ poly(C)tail structure. A suitable poly-C tail on the 3′ terminus of mRNAtypically include about 10 to 200 cytosine nucleotides (e.g., about 10to 150 cytosine nucleotides, about 10 to 100 cytosine nucleotides, about20 to 70 cytosine nucleotides, about 20 to 60 cytosine nucleotides, orabout 10 to 40 cytosine nucleotides). The poly-C tail may be added tothe poly-A tail or may substitute the poly-A tail.

In some embodiments, the length of the poly A or poly C tail is adjustedto control the stability of a modified sense mRNA molecule of theinvention and, thus, the transcription of protein. For example, sincethe length of the poly A tail can influence the half-life of a sensemRNA molecule, the length of the poly A tail can be adjusted to modifythe level of resistance of the mRNA to nucleases and thereby control thetime course of polynucleotide expression and/or polypeptide productionin a target cell.

5′ and 3′ Untranslated Region

In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 5′ and/or 3′ untranslated region.In some embodiments, a 5′ untranslated region includes one or moreelements that affect an mRNA's stability or translation, for example, aniron responsive element. In some embodiments, a 5′ untranslated regionmay be between about 50 and 500 nucleotides in length.

In some embodiments, a 3′ untranslated region includes one or more of apolyadenylation signal, a binding site for proteins that affect anmRNA's stability of location in a cell, or one or more binding sites formiRNAs. In some embodiments, a 3′ untranslated region may be between 50and 500 nucleotides in length or longer.

Exemplary 3′ and/or 5′ UTR sequences can be derived from mRNA moleculeswhich are stable (e.g., globin, actin, GAPDH, tubulin, histone, orcitric acid cycle enzymes) to increase the stability of the sense mRNAmolecule. For example, a 5′ UTR sequence may include a partial sequenceof a CMV immediate-early 1 (IE1) gene, or a fragment thereof to improvethe nuclease resistance and/or improve the half-life of thepolynucleotide. Also contemplated is the inclusion of a sequenceencoding human growth hormone (hGH), or a fragment thereof to the 3′ endor untranslated region of the polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) to furtherstabilize the polynucleotide. Generally, these modifications improve thestability and/or pharmacokinetic properties (e.g., half-life) of thepolynucleotide relative to their unmodified counterparts, and include,for example modifications made to improve such polynucleotides'resistance to in vivo nuclease digestion.

Pharmaceutical Formulations of Cationic Lipids and Nucleic Acids

In certain embodiments cationic lipids described herein described herein(e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)), as well aspharmaceutical and liposomal compositions comprising such lipids, can beused in formulations to facilitate the delivery of encapsulatedmaterials (e.g, one or more polynucleotides such as mRNA) to, andsubsequent transfection of one or more target cells. For example, incertain embodiments cationic lipids described herein (and compositionssuch as liposomal compositions comprising such lipids) are characterizedas resulting in one or more of receptor-mediated endocytosis,clathrin-mediated and caveolae-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis andmacropinocytosis, fusogenicity, endosomal or lysosomal disruption and/orreleasable properties that afford such compounds advantages relativeother similarly classified lipids.

According to the present invention, a nucleic acid, e.g., mRNA encodinga protein (e.g., a full length, fragment or portion of a protein) asdescribed herein may be delivered via a delivery vehicle comprising acationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any ofFormulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A),(D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g,(E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and(K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5)and (K1)-(K4)).

As used herein, the terms “delivery vehicle,” “transfer vehicle,”“nanoparticle” or grammatical equivalent, are used interchangeably.

For example, the present invention provides a composition (e.g., apharmaceutical composition) comprising a cationic lipid described herein(e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) and one or morepolynucleotides. A composition (e.g, a pharmaceutical composition) mayfurther comprise one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationiclipids, one or more cholesterol-based lipids and/or one or morePEG-modified lipids.

In certain embodiments a composition exhibits an enhanced (e.g.,increased) ability to transfect one or more target cells. Accordingly,also provided herein are methods of transfecting one or more targetcells. Such methods generally comprise the step of contacting the one ormore target cells with the cationic lipids and/or pharmaceuticalcompositions disclosed herein (e.g., a liposomal formulation comprisinga cationic lipid described (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A(e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III),(D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and(E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such asany of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4))encapsulating one or more polynucleotides) such that the one or moretarget cells are transfected with the materials encapsulated therein(e.g., one or more polynucleotides). As used herein, the terms“transfect” or “transfection” refer to the intracellular introduction ofone or more encapsulated materials (e.g., nucleic acids and/orpolynucleotides) into a cell, or preferably into a target cell. Theintroduced polynucleotide may be stably or transiently maintained in thetarget cell. The term “transfection efficiency” refers to the relativeamount of such encapsulated material (e.g., polynucleotides) up-takenby, introduced into, and/or expressed by the target cell which issubject to transfection. In practice, transfection efficiency may beestimated by the amount of a reporter polynucleotide product produced bythe target cells following transfection. In certain embodiments, thecompounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein demonstratehigh transfection efficiencies thereby improving the likelihood thatappropriate dosages of the encapsulated materials (e.g., one or morepolynucleotides) will be delivered to the site of pathology andsubsequently expressed, while at the same time minimizing potentialsystemic adverse effects or toxicity associated with the compound ortheir encapsulated contents.

Following transfection of one or more target cells by, for example, thepolynucleotides encapsulated in the one or more lipid nanoparticlescomprising the pharmaceutical or liposomal compositions disclosedherein, the production of the product (e.g., a polypeptide or protein)encoded by such polynucleotide may be preferably stimulated and thecapability of such target cells to express the polynucleotide andproduce, for example, a polypeptide or protein of interest is enhanced.For example, transfection of a target cell by one or more compounds orpharmaceutical compositions encapsulating mRNA will enhance (i.e.,increase) the production of the protein or enzyme encoded by such mRNA.

Further, delivery vehicles described herein (e.g., liposomal deliveryvehicles) may be prepared to preferentially distribute to other targettissues, cells or organs, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, spleen. Inembodiments, the lipid nanoparticles of the present invention may beprepared to achieve enhanced delivery to the target cells and tissues.For example, polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) encapsulated in one or more ofthe compounds or pharmaceutical and liposomal compositions describedherein can be delivered to and/or transfect targeted cells or tissues.In some embodiments, the encapsulated polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) arecapable of being expressed and functional polypeptide products produced(and in some instances excreted) by the target cell, thereby conferringa beneficial property to, for example the target cells or tissues. Suchencapsulated polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) may encode, for example, ahormone, enzyme, receptor, polypeptide, peptide or other protein ofinterest.

Liposomal Delivery Vehicles

In some embodiments, a composition is a suitable delivery vehicle. Inembodiments, a composition is a liposomal delivery vehicle, e.g., alipid nanoparticle.

The terms “liposomal delivery vehicle” and “liposomal composition” areused interchangeably.

Enriching liposomal compositions with one or more of the cationic lipidsdisclosed herein may be used as a means of improving (e.g., reducing)the toxicity or otherwise conferring one or more desired properties tosuch enriched liposomal composition (e.g., improved delivery of theencapsulated polynucleotides to one or more target cells and/or reducedin vivo toxicity of a liposomal composition). Accordingly, alsocontemplated are pharmaceutical compositions, and in particularliposomal compositions, that comprise one or more of the cationic lipidsdisclosed herein.

Thus, in certain embodiments, the compounds described herein (e.g., acationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) are cationic lipids thatmay be used as a component of a liposomal composition to facilitate orenhance the delivery and release of encapsulated materials (e.g., one ormore therapeutic agents) to one or more target cells (e.g., bypermeating or fusing with the lipid membranes of such target cells).

As used herein, liposomal delivery vehicles, e.g., lipid nanoparticles,are usually characterized as microscopic vesicles having an interioraqua space sequestered from an outer medium by a membrane of one or morebilayers. Bilayer membranes of liposomes are typically formed byamphiphilic molecules, such as lipids of synthetic or natural originthat comprise spatially separated hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains(Lasic, Trends Biotechnol., 16: 307-321, 1998). Bilayer membranes of theliposomes can also be formed by amphophilic polymers and surfactants(e.g., polymerosomes, niosomes, etcf. In the context of the presentinvention, a liposomal delivery vehicle typically serves to transport adesired mRNA to a target cell or tissue.

In certain embodiments, such compositions (e.g., liposomal compositions)are loaded with or otherwise encapsulate materials, such as for example,one or more biologically-active polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA).

In embodiments, a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition)comprises an mRNA encoding a protein, encapsulated within a liposome. Inembodiments, a liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, one ormore non-cationic lipids, one or more cholesterol-based lipids and oneor more PEG-modified lipids, and at least one cationic lipid is acationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any ofFormulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A),(D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g.,(E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and(K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5)and (K1)-(K4)). In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encodingfor a protein (e.g., any protein described herein). In embodiments, acomposition comprises an mRNA encoding for cystic fibrosis transmembraneconductance regulator (CFTR) protein. In embodiments, a compositioncomprises an mRNA encoding for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.

In embodiments, a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition)comprises a nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome, wherein theliposome comprises any cationic lipid (e.g., a cationic lipid of any ofFormulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A),(D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e g.,(E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and(K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5)and (K1)-(K4)) as described herein.

In embodiments, a nucleic acid is an mRNA encoding a peptide orpolypeptide. In embodiments, an mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptidefor use in the delivery to or treatment of the lung of a subject or alung cell (e.g., an mRNA encodes cystic fibrosis transmembraneconductance regulator (CFTR) protein). In embodiments, an mRNA encodes apeptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of theliver of a subject or a liver cell (e.g, an mRNA encodes ornithinetranscarbamylase (OTC) protein). Still other exemplary mRNAs aredescribed herein.

In embodiments, a liposomal delivery vehicle (e.g, a lipid nanoparticle)can have a net positive charge.

In embodiments, a liposomal delivery vehicle (e.g, a lipid nanoparticle)can have a net negative charge.

In embodiments, a liposomal delivery vehicle (e.g, a lipid nanoparticle)can have a net neutral charge.

In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle that encapsulates a nucleic acid(e.g, mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide) comprises one or morecationic lipids described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any ofFormulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A),(D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g.,(E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and(K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5)and (K1)-(K4)).

For example, the amount of a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g, acationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) in a composition can bedescribed as a percentage (“wt %”) of the combined dry weight of alllipids of a composition (e.g, the combined dry weight of all lipidspresent in a liposomal composition).

In embodiments of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, acationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any ofFormulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A),(D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g,(E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and(K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5)and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amount that is about 0.5 wt % to about30 wt % (e.g., about 0.5 wt % to about 20 wt %) of the combined dryweight of all lipids present in a composition (e.g., a liposomalcomposition).

In embodiments, a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationiclipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D(e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and(D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amountthat is about 1 wt % to about 30 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %,about 1 wt % to about 15 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %, or about 5wt % to about 25 wt % of the combined dry weight of all lipids presentin a composition (e.g, a liposomal composition). In embodiments, acationic lipid as described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any ofFormulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A),(D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g,(E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and(K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5)and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amount that is about 0.5 wt % to about 5wt %, about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %, about 5 wt % to about 20 wt %, orabout 10 wt % to about 20 wt % of the combined molar amounts of alllipids present in a composition such as a liposomal delivery vehicle.

In embodiments, the amount of a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g,a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amountthat is at least about 5 wt %, about 10 wt %, about 15 wt %, about 20 wt%, about 25 wt %, about 30 wt %, about 35 wt %, about 40 wt %, about 45wt %, about 50 wt %, about 55 wt %, about 60 wt %, about 65 wt %, about70 wt %, about 75 wt %, about 80 wt %, about 85 wt %, about 90 wt %,about 95 wt %, about 96 wt %, about 97 wt %, about 98 wt %, or about 99wt % of the combined dry weight of total lipids in a composition (e.g, aliposomal composition).

In embodiments, the amount of a cationic lipid as described herein(e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amountthat is no more than about 5 wt %, about 10 wt %, about 15 wt %, about20 wt %, about 25 wt %, about 30 wt %, about 35 wt %, about 40 wt %,about 45 wt %, about 50 wt %, about 55 wt %, about 60 wt %, about 65 wt%, about 70 wt %, about 75 wt %, about 80 wt %, about 85 wt %, about 90wt %, about 95 wt %, about 96 wt %, about 97 wt %, about 98 wt %, orabout 99 wt % of the combined dry weight of total lipids in acomposition (e.g, a liposomal composition).

In embodiments, a composition (e.g, a liposomal delivery vehicle such asa lipid nanoparticle) comprises about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt % (e.g.,about 0.1 wt % to about 15 wt %) of a cationic lipid described herein(e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)). In embodiments, adelivery vehicle (e.g., a liposomal delivery vehicle such as a lipidnanoparticle) comprises about 0.5 wt %, about 1 wt %, about 3 wt %,about 5 wt %, or about 10 wt % a cationic lipid described herein (e.g.,a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)). In embodiments, adelivery vehicle (e.g., a liposomal delivery vehicle such as a lipidnanoparticle) comprises up to about 0.5 wt %, about 1 wt %, about 3 wt%, about 5 wt %, about 10 wt %, about 15 wt %, or about 20 wt % of acationic lipid described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any ofFormulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A),(D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g,(E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and(K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5)and (K1)-(K4)). In embodiments, the percentage results in an improvedbeneficial effect (e.g., improved delivery to targeted tissues such asthe liver or the lung).

The amount of a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationiclipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D(e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and(D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) in a composition also canbe described as a percentage (“mol %”) of the combined molar amounts oftotal lipids of a composition (e.g., the combined molar amounts of alllipids present in a liposomal delivery vehicle).

In embodiments of pharmaceutical compositions described herein, acationic lipid as described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any ofFormulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A),(D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g,(E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and(K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5)and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amount that is about 0.5 mol % to about30 mol % (e.g, about 0.5 mol % to about 20 mol %) of the combined molaramounts of all lipids present in a composition such as a liposomaldelivery vehicle.

In embodiments, a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationiclipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D(e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and(D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amountthat is about 0.5 mol % to about 5 mol %, about 1 mol % to about 10 mol%, about 5 mol % to about 20 mol %, or about 10 mol % to about 20 mol %of the combined molar amounts of all lipids present in a compositionsuch as a liposomal delivery vehicle. In embodiments, a cationic lipidas described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g,(A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III),(D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and(E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such asany of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) ispresent in an amount that is about 1 mol % to about 30 mol %, about 1mol % to about 20 mol %, about 1 mol % to about 15 mol %, about 1 mol %to about 10 mol %, or about 5 mol % to about 25 mol % of the combineddry weight of all lipids present in a composition such as a liposomaldelivery vehicle

In certain embodiments, a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., acationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) can comprise from about0.1 mol % to about 50 mol %, or from 0.5 mol % to about 50 mol %, orfrom about 1 mol % to about 25 mol %, or from about 1 mol % to about 10mol % of the total amount of lipids in a composition (e.g., a liposomaldelivery vehicle).

In certain embodiments, a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., acationic lipid of Formula (I), such as the cationic lipid of Formula(1a), compound (1), compound (2), compound (3), and/or compound (4)) cancomprise greater than about 0.1 mol %, or greater than about 0.5 mol %,or greater (e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g.,(A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III),(D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and(E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such asany of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) thanabout 1 mol %, or greater than about 5 mol % of the total amount oflipids in the lipid nanoparticle.

In certain embodiments, a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g, acationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) can comprise less thanabout 25 mol %, or less than about 10 mol %, or less than about 5 mol %,or less than about 1 mol % of the total amount of lipids in acomposition (e.g., a liposomal delivery vehicle).

In embodiments, the amount of a cationic lipid as described herein(e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amountthat is at least about 5 mol %, about 10 mol %, about 15 mol %, about 20mol %, about 25 mol %, about 30 mol %, about 35 mol %, about 40 mol %,about 45 mol %, about 50 mol %, about 55 mol %, about 60 mol %, about 65mol %, about 70 mol %, about 75 mol %, about 80 mol %, about 85 mol %,about 90 mol %, about 95 mol %, about 96 mol %, about 97 mol %, about 98mol %, or about 99 mol % of the combined dry weight of total lipids in acomposition (e.g., a liposomal composition).

In embodiments, the amount of a cationic lipid as described herein(e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amountthat is no more than about 5 mol %, about 10 mol %, about 15 mol %,about 20 mol %, about 25 mol %, about 30 mol %, about 35 mol %, about 40mol %, about 45 mol %, about 50 mol %, about 55 mol %, about 60 mol %,about 65 mol %, about 70 mol %, about 75 mol %, about 80 mol %, about 85mol %, about 90 mol %, about 95 mol %, about 96 mol %, about 97 mol %,about 98 mol %, or about 99 mol % of the combined dry weight of totallipids in a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition).

In embodiments, the percentage results in an improved beneficial effect(e.g., improved delivery to targeted tissues such as the liver or thelung).

In embodiments, a composition further comprises one more lipids (e.g.,one more lipids selected from the group consisting of one or morecationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids, and one or morePEG-modified lipids).

In certain embodiments, such pharmaceutical (e.g., liposomal)compositions comprise one or more of a PEG-modified lipid, anon-cationic lipid and a cholesterol lipid. In embodiments, suchpharmaceutical (e.g., liposomal) compositions comprise: one or morePEG-modified lipids; one or more non-cationic lipids; and one or morecholesterol lipids. In embodiments, such pharmaceutical (e.g.,liposomal) compositions comprise: one or more PEG-modified lipids andone or more cholesterol lipids.

In embodiments, a composition (e.g., lipid nanoparticle) thatencapsulates a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA encoding a peptide orpolypeptide) comprises one or more cationic lipids as described herein(e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) and one or more lipidsselected from the group consisting of a cationic lipid, a non-cationiclipid, and a PEGylated lipid.

In embodiments, a composition (e.g., lipid nanoparticle) thatencapsulates a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA encoding a peptide orpolypeptide) comprises one or more cationic lipids as described herein(e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)); one or more lipidsselected from the group consisting of a cationic lipid, a non-cationiclipid, and a PEGylated lipid; and further comprises a cholesterol-basedlipid.

In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle that encapsulates a nucleic acid(e.g., mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide) comprises one or morecationic lipids as described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any ofFormulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A),(D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g.,(E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and(K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5)and (K1)-(K4)), as well as one or more lipids selected from the groupconsisting of a cationic lipid, a non-cationic lipid, a PEGylated lipid,and a cholesterol-based lipid.

According to various embodiments, the selection of cationic lipids,non-cationic lipids and/or PEG-modified lipids which comprise the lipidnanoparticle, as well as the relative molar ratio of such lipids to eachother, is based upon the characteristics of the selected lipid(s), thenature of the intended target cells, the characteristics of the mRNA tobe delivered. Additional considerations include, for example, thesaturation of the alkyl chain, as well as the size, charge, pH, pKa,fusogenicity and toxicity of the selected lipid(s). Thus, the molarratios may be adjusted accordingly.

Further Cationic Lipids

In addition to any of the cationic lipids as described herein (e.g, acationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)), a composition maycomprise one or more further cationic lipids.

In some embodiments, liposomes may comprise one or more further cationiclipids. As used herein, the phrase “cationic lipid” refers to any of anumber of lipid species that have a net positive charge at a selectedpH, such as physiological pH. Several cationic lipids have beendescribed in the literature, many of which are commercially available.

-   -   Suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions        include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent        Publication WO 2010/144740, which is incorporated herein by        reference. In certain embodiments, the compositions include a        cationic lipid,        (6Z,9Z,28Z,31Z)-heptatriaconta-6,9,28,31-tetraen-19-yl        4-(dimethylamino) butanoate, having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the        compositions include ionizable cationic lipids as described in        International Patent Publication WO 2013/149140, which is        incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the        compositions include a cationic lipid of one of the following        formulas:

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R₁ and R₂        are each independently selected from the group consisting of        hydrogen, an optionally substituted, variably saturated or        unsaturated C₁-C₂₀ alkyl and an optionally substituted, variably        saturated or unsaturated C₆-C₂₀ acyl; wherein L₁ and L₂ are each        independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an        optionally substituted C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, an optionally substituted        variably unsaturated C₁-C₃₀ alkenyl, and an optionally        substituted C₁-C₃₀ alkynyl; wherein m and o are each        independently selected from the group consisting of zero and any        positive integer (e.g., where m is three); and wherein n is zero        or any positive integer (e.g., where n is one). In certain        embodiments, the compositions include the cationic lipid (15Z,        18Z)—N,N-dimethyl-6-(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yl)        tetracosa-15,18-dien-1-amine (“HGT5000”), having a compound        structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain        embodiments, the compositions include the cationic lipid (15Z,        18Z)—N,N-dimethyl-6-((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yl)        tetracosa-4,15,18-trien-1-amine (“HGT5001”), having a compound        structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain        embodiments, the include the cationic lipid and        (15Z,18Z)—N,N-dimethyl-6-((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yl)        tetracosa-5,15,18-trien-1-amine (“HGT5002”), having a compound        structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the        compositions include cationic lipids described as aminoalcohol        lipidoids in International Patent Publication WO 2010/053572,        which is incorporated herein by reference. In certain        embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a        compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the        compositions include the cationic lipids as described in        International Patent Publication WO 2016/118725, which is        incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the        compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound        structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the        compositions include the cationic lipids as described in        International Patent Publication WO 2016/118724, which is        incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the        compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound        structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions        include a cationic lipid having the formula of 14,25-ditridecyl        15,18,21,24-tetraaza-octatriacontane, and pharmaceutically        acceptable salts thereof.    -   Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the        compositions include the cationic lipids as described in        International Patent Publications WO 2013/063468 and WO        2016/205691, each of which are incorporated herein by reference.        In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        of the following formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein each instance ofR^(L) is independently optionally substituted C₆-C₄₀ alkenyl. In certainembodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compoundstructure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic        lipid having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic        lipid having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic        lipid having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the        compositions include the cationic lipids as described in        International Patent Publication WO 2015/184256, which is        incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the        compositions include a cationic lipid of the following formula:

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each X        independently is O or S; each Y independently is O or S; each m        independently is 0 to 20; each n independently is 1 to 6; each        R_(A) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-50        alkyl, optionally substituted C2-50 alkenyl, optionally        substituted C2-50 alkynyl, optionally substituted C3-10        carbocyclyl, optionally substituted 3-14 membered heterocyclyl,        optionally substituted C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted 5-14        membered heteroaryl or halogen; and each R_(B) is independently        hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-50 alkyl, optionally        substituted C2-50 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-50 alkynyl,        optionally substituted C3-10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted        3-14 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-14 aryl,        optionally substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl or halogen. In        certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid,        “Target 23”, having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the        compositions include the cationic lipids as described in        International Patent Publication WO 2016/004202, which is        incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the        compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound        structure:

wherein

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.    -   Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the        compositions include the cationic lipids as described in J.        McClellan, M. C. King, Cell 2010, 141, 210-217 and in Whitehead        et al., Nature Communications (2014) 5:4277, which is        incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the        cationic lipids of the compositions include a cationic lipid        having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the        compositions include the cationic lipids as described in        International Patent Publication WO 2015/199952, which is        incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the        compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound        structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the        compositions include the cationic lipids as described in        International Patent Publication WO 2017/004143, which is        incorporated herein by reference.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the        compositions include the cationic lipids as described in        International Patent Publication WO 2017/075531, which is        incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the        compositions include a cationic lipid of the following formula:

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein one of L¹        or L² is —O(C═O)—, —(C═O)O—, —C(═O)—, —O—, —S(O)_(x), —S—S—,        —C(═O)S—, —SC(═O)—, —NR^(a)C(═O)—, —C(═O)NR^(a)—,        NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)—, —OC(═O)NR^(a), or —NR^(a)C(═O)O—; and the        other of L¹ or L² is —O(C═O)—, —(C═O)O—, —C(═O)—, —O—,        —S(O)_(x), —S—S—, —C(═O)S—, SC(═O)—, —NR^(a)C(═O)—,        —C(═O)NR^(a)—, NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)—, —OC(═O)NR^(a)— or        —NR^(a)C(═O)O— or a direct bond; G¹ and G² are each        independently unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene or C₁-C₁₂        alkenylene; G³ is C₁-C₂₄ alkylene, C₁-C₂₄ alkenylene, C₃-C₈        cycloalkylene, C₃-C₈ cycloalkenylene; R^(a) is H or C₁-C₁₂        alkyl; R¹ and R² are each independently C₆-C₂₄ alkyl or C₆-C₂₄        alkenyl; R³ is H, OR⁵, CN, —C(═O)OR⁴, —OC(═O)R⁴ or —NR⁵ C(═O)R⁴;        R⁴ is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; R⁵ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and x is 0, 1 or 2.    -   Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the        compositions include the cationic lipids as described in        International Patent Publication WO 2017/117528, which is        incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the        compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound        structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid        having the compound structure:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the        compositions include the cationic lipids as described in        International Patent Publication WO 2017/049245, which is        incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the        cationic lipids of the compositions and methods of the present        invention include a compound of one of the following formulas:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. For any one of        these four formulas, R₄ is independently selected from        —(CH₂)_(n)Q and —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR; Q is selected from the group        consisting of —OR, —OH, —O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CN,        —N(R)C(O)R, —N(H)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(H)S(O)₂R,        —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(O)N(H)(R),        —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(S)N(H)(R), and a        heterocycle; R is independently selected from the group        consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H; and n is 1, 2, or        3.    -   In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic        lipid having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic        lipid having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic        lipid having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic        lipid having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the        compositions include the cationic lipids as described in        International Patent Publication WO 2017/173054 and WO        2015/095340, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.    -   In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic        lipid having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic        lipid having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic        lipid having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic        lipid having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the        compositions include cholesterol-based cationic lipids. In        certain embodiments, the compositions include imidazole        cholesterol ester or “ICE”, having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the        compositions include cleavable cationic lipids as described in        International Patent Publication WO 2012/170889, which is        incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the        compositions include a cationic lipid of the following formula:

-   -   wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of imidazole,        guanidinium, amino, imine, enamine, an optionally-substituted        alkyl amino (e.g., an alkyl amino such as dimethylamino) and        pyridyl; wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of one        of the following two formulas:

-   -   and wherein R₃ and R₄ are each independently selected from the        group consisting of an optionally substituted, variably        saturated or unsaturated C₆-C₂₀ alkyl and an optionally        substituted, variably saturated or unsaturated C₆-C₂₀ acyl; and        wherein n is zero or any positive integer (e.g., one, two,        three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve,        thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen,        nineteen, twenty or more).    -   In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic        lipid, “HGT4001”, having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic        lipid, “HGT4002”, having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic        lipid, “HGT4003”, having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic        lipid, “HGT4004”, having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic        lipid “HGT4005”, having a compound structure of:

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.    -   In some embodiments, the compositions include the cationic        lipid, N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium        chloride (“DOTMA”). Feigner et al. (Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. 84,        7413 (1987); U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,355, each of which is        incorporated herein by reference. DOTMA can be formulated alone        or can be combined with a neutral lipid (e.g.,        dioleoylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine or “DOPE”) or still other        cationic or non-cationic lipids into a liposomal transfer        vehicle or a lipid nanoparticle, and such liposomes can be used        to enhance the delivery of nucleic acids into target cells.        Other cationic lipids suitable for the compositions include, for        example, 5-carboxyspermylglycinedioctadecylamide (“DOGS”);        2,3-dioleyloxy-N-[2(spermine-carboxamido)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-l-propanaminium        (“DOSPA”) (Behr et al. Proc. Nat.'l Acad. Sci. 86, 6982 (1989),        U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,171,678; 5,334,761);        1,2-Dioleoyl-3-Dimethylammonium-Propane (“DODAP”);        1,2-Dioleoyl-3-Trimethylammonium-Propane (“DOTAP”).    -   Additional exemplary cationic lipids suitable for the        compositions also include:        1,2-distearyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane (“DSDMA”);        1,2-dioleyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane (“DODMA”);        1,2-dilinoleyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane (“DLinDMA”);        1,2-dilinolenyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane (“DLenDMA”);        N-dioleyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride (“DODAC”);        N,N-distearyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide (“DDAB”);        N-(1,2-dimyristyloxyprop-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-hydroxyethyl        ammonium bromide (“DMRIE”);        3-dimethylamino-2-(cholest-5-en-3-beta-oxybutan-4-oxy)-1-(cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoxy)propane        (“CLinDMA”);        2-[5′-(cholest-5-en-3-beta-oxy)-3′-oxapentoxy)-3-dimethyl-1-(cis,cis-9′,        1-2′-octadecadienoxy)propane (“CpLinDMA”);        N,N-dimethyl-3,4-dioleyloxybenzylamine (“DMOBA”);        1,2-N,N′-dioleylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (“DOcarbDAP”);        2,3-Dilinoleoyloxy-N,N-dimethylpropylamine (“DLinDAP”);        1,2-N,N′-Dibnoleylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane        (“DLincarbDAP”); 1,2-Dibnoleoylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane        (“DLinCDAP”);        2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminomethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane        (“DLin-K-DMA”); 2-((8-[(3P)-cholest-5-en-3-yloxy]octyl)oxy-)-N,        N-dimethyl-3-[(9Z, 12Z)-octadeca-9,        12-dien-1-yloxy]propane-1-amine (“Octyl-CLinDMA”);        (2R)-2-((8-[(3beta)-cholest-5-en-3-yloxy]octyl)oxy)-N,        N-dimethyl-3-[(9Z, 12Z)-octadeca-9,        12-dien-1-yloxy]propan-1-amine (“Octyl-CLinDMA (2R)”);        (2S)-2-((8-[(3P)-cholest-5-en-3-yloxy]octyl)oxy)-N,        fsl-dimethyh3-[(9Z, 12Z)-octadeca-9,        12-dien-1-yloxy]propan-1-amine (“Octyl-CLinDMA (2S)”);        2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane        (“DLin-K-XTC2-DMA”); and 2-(2,2-di((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,1        2-dien-1-yl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine        (“DLin-KC2-DMA”) (see, WO 2010/042877, which is incorporated        herein by reference; Semple et al., Nature Biotech. 28: 172-176        (2010)). (Heyes, J., et al., J Controlled Release 107: 276-287        (2005); Morrissey, D V., et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 23(8):        1003-1007 (2005); International Patent Publication WO        2005/121348). In some embodiments, one or more of the cationic        lipids comprise at least one of an imidazole, dialkylamino, or        guanidinium moiety.    -   In some embodiments, one or more cationic lipids suitable for        the compositions include        2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (“XTC”);        (3aR,5s,6aS)—N,N-dimethyl-2,2-di((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienyl)tetrahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[d]        [1,3]dioxol-5-amine (“ALNY-100”) and/or        4,7,13-tris(3-oxo-3-(undecylamino)propyl)-N1,N16-diundecyl-4,7,10,13-tetraazahexadecane-1,16-diamide        (“NC98-5”).

In some embodiments, the percentage of total cationic lipids in acomposition (e.g., a liposomal composition) may be no more than 10%, nomore than 20%, no more than 30%, no more than 40%, no more than 50%, nomore than 60%, no more than 70%, no more than 80%, no more than 90%, orno more than 95% of total lipids as measured by molar ratios (mol %) orby weight (wt %).

In some embodiments, the percentage of total cationic lipids in acomposition (e.g., a liposomal composition) may be greater than 10%,greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%,greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, greater than 90%,or greater than 95% of total lipids as measured by molar ratios (mol %)or by weight (wt %).

In some embodiments, total cationic lipid(s) constitute(s) about 30-50%(e.g., about 30-45%, about 30-40%, about 35-50%, about 35-45%, or about35-40%) of the liposome by weight. In some embodiments, the cationiclipid constitutes about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about50% of a composition (e.g, a liposomal composition) by molar ratio. Insome embodiments, total cationic lipid(s) constitute(s) about 30-50%(e.g, about 30-45%, about 30-40%, about 35-50%, about 35-45%, or about35-40%) of the liposome by weight. In some embodiments, the cationiclipid constitutes about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about50% of a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition) by weight.

Non-Cationic/Helper Lipids

Compositions (e.g., liposomal compositions) may also comprise one ormore non-cationic (“helper”) lipids. As used herein, the phrase“non-cationic lipid” refers to any neutral, zwitterionic or anioniclipid. As used herein, the phrase “anionic lipid” refers to any of anumber of lipid species that carry a net negative charge at a selectedpH, such as physiological pH. Non-cationic lipids include, but are notlimited to, distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC),dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine(DPPC), dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG),dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine(DOPE), palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC),palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE),dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (DOPE-mal), dipalmitoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine (DPPE), dimyristoylphosphoethanolamine (DMPE),distearoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE), 16-O-monomethyl PE,16-O-dimethyl PE, 18-1-trans PE,l-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidyethanolamine (SOPE), or a mixturethereof.

In embodiments, a non-cationic or helper lipid isdioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE).

In some embodiments, a non-cationic lipid is a neutral lipid, i.e., alipid that does not carry a net charge in the conditions under which thecomposition is formulated and/or administered.

In some embodiments, a non-cationic lipid may be present in a molarratio (mol %) of about 5% to about 90%, about 5% to about 70%, about 5%to about 50%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 30%, about 10% toabout 70%, about 10% to about 50%, or about 10% to about 40% of thetotal lipids present in a composition. In some embodiments, totalnon-cationic lipids may be present in a molar ratio (mol %) of about 5%to about 90%, about 5% to about 70%, about 5% to about 50%, about 5% toabout 40%, about 5% to about 30%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% toabout 50%, or about 10% to about 40% of the total lipids present in acomposition. In some embodiments, the percentage of non-cationic lipidin a liposome may be greater than about 5 mol %, greater than about 10mol %, greater than about 20 mol %, greater than about 30 mol %, orgreater than about 40 mol %. In some embodiments, the percentage totalnon-cationic lipids in a liposome may be greater than about 5 mol %,greater than about 10 mol %, greater than about 20 mol %, greater thanabout 30 mol %, or greater than about 40 mol %. In some embodiments, thepercentage of non-cationic lipid in a liposome is no more than about 5mol %, no more than about 10 mol %, no more than about 20 mol %, no morethan about 30 mol %, or no more than about 40 mol %. In someembodiments, the percentage total non-cationic lipids in a liposome maybe no more than about 5 mol %, no more than about 10 mol %, no more thanabout 20 mol %, no more than about 30 mol %, or no more than about 40mol %.

In some embodiments, a non-cationic lipid may be present in a weightratio (wt %) of about 5% to about 90%, about 5% to about 70%, about 5%to about 50%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 30%, about 10% toabout 70%, about 10% to about 50%, or about 10% to about 40% of thetotal lipids present in a composition. In some embodiments, totalnon-cationic lipids may be present in a weight ratio (wt %) of about 5%to about 90%, about 5% to about 70%, about 5% to about 50%, about 5% toabout 40%, about 5% to about 30%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% toabout 50%, or about 10% to about 40% of the total lipids present in acomposition. In some embodiments, the percentage of non-cationic lipidin a liposome may be greater than about 5 wt %, greater than about 10 wt%, greater than about 20 wt %, greater than about 30 wt %, or greaterthan about 40 wt %. In some embodiments, the percentage totalnon-cationic lipids in a liposome may be greater than about 5 wt %,greater than about 10 wt %, greater than about 20 wt %, greater thanabout 30 wt %, or greater than about 40 wt %. In some embodiments, thepercentage of non-cationic lipid in a liposome is no more than about 5wt %, no more than about 10 wt %, no more than about 20 wt %, no morethan about 30 wt %, or no more than about 40 wt %. In some embodiments,the percentage total non-cationic lipids in a liposome may be no morethan about 5 wt %, no more than about 10 wt %, no more than about 20 wt%, no more than about 30 wt %, or no more than about 40 wt %.

Cholesterol-Based Lipids

In some embodiments, a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition)comprises one or more cholesterol-based lipids. For example, suitablecholesterol-based lipids include cholesterol and, for example, DC-Chol(N,N-dimethyl-N-ethylcarboxamidocholesterol),1,4-bis(3-N-oleylamino-propyl)piperazine (Gao, et al. Biochem. Biophys.Res. Comm. 179, 280 (1991); Wolf et al. BioTechniques 23, 139 (1997);U.S. Pat. No. 5,744,335), or imidazole cholesterol ester (ICE), whichhas the following structure,

In embodiments, a cholesterol-based lipid is cholesterol.

In some embodiments, a cholesterol-based lipid may be present in a molarratio (mol %) of about 1% to about 30%, or about 5% to about 20% of thetotal lipids present in a liposome. In some embodiments, the percentageof cholesterol-based lipid in the lipid nanoparticle may be greater thanabout 5 mol %, greater than about 10 mol %, greater than about 20 mol %,greater than about 30 mol %, or greater than about 40 mol %. In someembodiments, the percentage of cholesterol-based lipid in the lipidnanoparticle may be no more than about 5 mol %, no more than about 10mol %, no more than about 20 mol %, no more than about 30 mol %, or nomore than about 40 mol %.

In some embodiments, a cholesterol-based lipid may be present in aweight ratio (wt %) of about 1% to about 30%, or about 5% to about 20%of the total lipids present in a liposome. In some embodiments, thepercentage of cholesterol-based lipid in the lipid nanoparticle may begreater than about 5 wt %, greater than about 10 wt %, greater thanabout 20 wt %, greater than about 30 wt %, or greater than about 40 wt%. In some embodiments, the percentage of cholesterol-based lipid in thelipid nanoparticle may be no more than about 5 wt %, no more than about10 wt %, no more than about 20 wt %, no more than about 30 wt %, or nomore than about 40 wt %.

PEGylated Lipids

In some embodiments, a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition)comprises one or more PEGylated lipids.

For example, the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified phospholipidsand derivatized lipids such as derivatized ceramides (PEG-CER),including N-octanoyl-sphingosine-l-[succinyl(methoxy polyethyleneglycol)-2000] (C8 PEG-2000 ceramide) is also contemplated by the presentinvention in combination with one or more of the cationic and, in someembodiments, other lipids together which comprise the liposome. In someembodiments, particularly useful exchangeable lipids are PEG-ceramideshaving shorter acyl chains (e.g., C₁₄ or C₁₈).

In embodiments, a PEG-modified lipid is 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol,methoxypolyethylene glycol (DMG-PEG2000).

Contemplated PEG-modified lipids (also referred to herein as a PEGylatedlipid, which term is interchangeable with PEG-modified lipid) include,but are not limited to, a polyethylene glycol chain of up to 5 kDa inlength covalently attached to a lipid with alkyl chain(s) of C₆-C₂₀length. In some embodiments, a PEG-modified or PEGylated lipid isPEGylated cholesterol or PEG-2K. The addition of such components mayprevent complex aggregation and may also provide a means for increasingcirculation lifetime and increasing the delivery of the lipid-nucleicacid composition to the target cell, (Klibanov et al. (1990) FEBSLetters, 268 (1): 235-37), or they may be selected to rapidly exchangeout of the formulation in vivo (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,613).

A PEG-modified phospholipid and derivatized lipids of the presentinvention may be present in a molar ratio (mol %) from about 0% to about15%, about 0.5% to about 15%, about 1% to about 15%, about 4% to about10%, or about 2% of the total lipid present in the composition (e.g., aliposomal composition).

A PEG-modified phospholipid and derivatized lipids of the presentinvention may be present in a weight ratio (wt %) from about 0% to about15%, about 0.5% to about 15%, about 1% to about 15%, about 4% to about10%, or about 2% of the total lipid present in the composition (e.g., aliposomal composition).

Pharmaceutical Formulations and Therapeutic Uses

Cationic lipids described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any ofFormulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A),(D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g.,(E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e g., (K-I)-(K-II) and(K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5)and (K1)-(K4)) may be used in the preparation of compositions (e.g., toconstruct liposomal compositions) that facilitate or enhance thedelivery and release of encapsulated materials (e.g., one or moretherapeutic polynucleotides) to one or more target cells (e.g., bypermeating or fusing with the lipid membranes of such target cells).

For example, when a liposomal composition (e.g., a lipid nanoparticle)comprises or is otherwise enriched with one or more of the compoundsdisclosed herein, the phase transition in the lipid bilayer of the oneor more target cells may facilitate the delivery of the encapsulatedmaterials (e.g., one or more therapeutic polynucleotides encapsulated ina lipid nanoparticle) into the one or more target cells.

Similarly, in certain embodiments cationic lipids described herein(e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) may be used to prepareliposomal vehicles that are characterized by their reduced toxicity invivo. In certain embodiments, the reduced toxicity is a function of thehigh transfection efficiencies associated with the compositionsdisclosed herein, such that a reduced quantity of such composition mayadministered to the subject to achieve a desired therapeutic response oroutcome.

Thus, pharmaceutical formulations comprising a cationic lipid describedherein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II)and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id),(D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and(E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such asany of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) andnucleic acids provided by the present invention may be used for varioustherapeutic purposes. To facilitate delivery of nucleic acids in vivo, acationic lipid described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any ofFormulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A),(D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g,(E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and(K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5)and (K1)-(K4)) and nucleic acids can be formulated in combination withone or more additional pharmaceutical carriers, targeting ligands orstabilizing reagents. In some embodiments, a cationic lipid describedherein (e.g., a cationic lipid of Formula (I) or (II), such as thecationic lipid of Formula (Ia), (Ha), compound (1) and/or compound (2))can be formulated via pre-mixed lipid solution. In other embodiments, acomposition comprising a cationic lipid described herein (e.g, acationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and(A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa),and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K(e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds(A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) can be formulated usingpost-insertion techniques into the lipid membrane of the nanoparticles.Techniques for formulation and administration of drugs may be found in“Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Publishing Co, Easton, Pa.,latest edition.

Suitable routes of administration include, for example, oral, rectal,vaginal, transmucosal, pulmonary including intratracheal or inhaled, orintestinal administration; parenteral delivery, including intradermal,transdermal (topical), intramuscular, subcutaneous, intramedullaryinjections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular,intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intranasal. In particular embodiments,the intramuscular administration is to a muscle selected from the groupconsisting of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In someembodiments the administration results in delivery of the nucleic acidsto a muscle cell. In some embodiments the administration results indelivery of the nucleic acids to a hepatocyte (i.e., liver cell). Inembodiments, administration is intramuscular. In embodiments,administration is intravenous. In embodiments, administration isintratracheal.

Alternatively or additionally, pharmaceutical formulations of theinvention may be administered in a local rather than systemic manner,for example, via injection of the pharmaceutical formulation directlyinto a targeted tissue, preferably in a sustained release formulation.Local delivery can be affected in various ways, depending on the tissueto be targeted. Exemplary tissues in which delivered mRNA may bedelivered and/or expressed include, but are not limited to the liver,kidney, heart, spleen, serum, brain, skeletal muscle, lymph nodes, skin,and/or cerebrospinal fluid. In embodiments, the tissue to be targeted inthe liver. For example, aerosols containing compositions of the presentinvention can be inhaled (for nasal, tracheal, or bronchial delivery);compositions of the present invention can be injected into the site ofinjury, disease manifestation, or pain, for example; compositions can beprovided in lozenges for oral, tracheal, or esophageal application; canbe supplied in liquid, tablet or capsule form for administration to thestomach or intestines, can be supplied in suppository form for rectal orvaginal application; or can even be delivered to the eye by use ofcreams, drops, or even injection.

In embodiments, administration is via pulmonary delivery. As usedherein, pulmonary delivery refers to delivery to lung via, e.g., nasalcavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and/or other pulmonary system. Inembodiments, a composition described herein is formulated fornebulization. In embodiments, the delivery vehicle may be in anaerosolized composition which can be inhaled. In embodiments, pulmonarydelivery involves inhalation (e.g., for nasal, tracheal, or bronchialdelivery). In embodiments, a composition is nebulized prior toinhalation.

The present invention provides methods for delivering a compositionhaving full-length mRNA molecules encoding a peptide or polypeptide ofinterest for use in the treatment of a subject, e.g., a human subject ora cell of a human subject or a cell that is treated and delivered to ahuman subject.

Accordingly, in certain embodiments the present invention provides amethod for producing a therapeutic composition comprising full-lengthmRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to ortreatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for cysticfibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes forATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 3 protein. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for dyneinaxonemal intermediate chain 1 protein. In certain embodiments thepresent invention provides a method for producing a therapeuticcomposition having full-length mRNA that encodes for dynein axonemalheavy chain 5 (DNAH5) protein. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes for alpha-1-antitrypsin protein. Incertain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) protein. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes one or more surfactant protein,e.g., one or more of surfactant A protein, surfactant B protein,surfactant C protein, and surfactant D protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesa peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of theliver of a subject or a liver cell. Such peptides and polypeptides caninclude those associated with a urea cycle disorder, associated with alysosomal storage disorder, with a glycogen storage disorder, associatedwith an amino acid metabolism disorder, associated with a lipidmetabolism or fibrotic disorder, associated with methylmalonic acidemia,or associated with any other metabolic disorder for which delivery to ortreatment of the liver or a liver cell with enriched full-length mRNAprovides therapeutic benefit.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor a protein associated with a urea cycle disorder. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes forornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein. In certain embodiments thepresent invention provides a method for producing a therapeuticcomposition having full-length mRNA that encodes for arginosuccinatesynthetase 1 protein. In certain embodiments the present inventionprovides a method for producing a therapeutic composition havingfull-length mRNA that encodes for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase Iprotein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a methodfor producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA thatencodes for arginosuccinate lyase protein. In certain embodiments thepresent invention provides a method for producing a therapeuticcomposition having full-length mRNA that encodes for arginase protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor a protein associated with a lysosomal storage disorder. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for alphagalactosidase protein. In certain embodiments the present inventionprovides a method for producing a therapeutic composition havingfull-length mRNA that encodes for glucocerebrosidase protein. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes foriduronate-2-sulfatase protein. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes for iduronidase protein. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes forN-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase protein. In certain embodiments thepresent invention provides a method for producing a therapeuticcomposition having full-length mRNA that encodes for heparan N-sulfataseprotein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a methodfor producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA thatencodes for galactosamine-6 sulfatase protein. In certain embodimentsthe present invention provides a method for producing a therapeuticcomposition having full-length mRNA that encodes for beta-galactosidaseprotein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a methodfor producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA thatencodes for lysosomal lipase protein. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes for arylsulfatase B(N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase) protein. In certain embodiments thepresent invention provides a method for producing a therapeuticcomposition having full-length mRNA that encodes for transcriptionfactor EB (TFEB).

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor a protein associated with a glycogen storage disorder. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for acidalpha-glucosidase protein. In certain embodiments the present inventionprovides a method for producing a therapeutic composition havingfull-length mRNA that encodes for glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) protein.In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor liver glycogen phosphorylase protein. In certain embodiments thepresent invention provides a method for producing a therapeuticcomposition having full-length mRNA that encodes for musclephosphoglycerate mutase protein. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes for glycogen debranching enzyme.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor a protein associated with amino acid metabolism. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes forphenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes for glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenaseenzyme. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a methodfor producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA thatencodes for propionyl-CoA caboxylase enzyme. In certain embodiments thepresent invention provides a method for producing a therapeuticcomposition having full-length mRNA that encodes for oxalasealanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase enzyme.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor a protein associated with a lipid metabolism or fibrotic disorder.In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor a mTOR inhibitor. In certain embodiments the present inventionprovides a method for producing a therapeutic composition havingfull-length mRNA that encodes for ATPase phospholipid transporting 8B1(ATP8B1) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention providesa method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNAthat encodes for one or more NF-kappa B inhibitors, such as one or moreof I-kappa B alpha, interferon-related development regulator 1 (IFRD1),and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). In certain embodiments the present inventionprovides a method for producing a therapeutic composition havingfull-length mRNA that encodes for PPAR-gamma protein or an activevariant.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor a protein associated with methylmalonic acidemia. For example, incertain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor methylmalonyl CoA mutase protein. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes for methylmalonyl CoA epimeraseprotein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA for whichdelivery to or treatment of the liver can provide therapeutic benefit.In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor ATP7B protein, also known as Wilson disease protein. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes forporphobilinogen deaminase enzyme. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes for one or clotting enzymes, suchas Factor VIII, Factor IX, Factor VII, and Factor X. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for humanhemochromatosis (HFE) protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesa peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of thecardiovasculature of a subject or a cardiovascular cell. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes forvascular endothelial growth factor A protein. In certain embodiments thepresent invention provides a method for producing a therapeuticcomposition having full-length mRNA that encodes for relaxin protein. Incertain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor bone morphogenetic protein-9 protein. In certain embodiments thepresent invention provides a method for producing a therapeuticcomposition having full-length mRNA that encodes for bone morphogeneticprotein-2 receptor protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesa peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of themuscle of a subject or a muscle cell. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes for dystrophin protein. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes forfrataxin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention providesa method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNAthat encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to ortreatment of the cardiac muscle of a subject or a cardiac muscle cell.In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor a protein that modulates one or both of a potassium channel and asodium channel in muscle tissue or in a muscle cell. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for aprotein that modulates a Kv7.1 channel in muscle tissue or in a musclecell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor a protein that modulates a Nav1.5 channel in muscle tissue or in amuscle cell.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesa peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of thenervous system of a subject or a nervous system cell. For example, incertain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor survival motor neuron 1 protein. For example, in certain embodimentsthe present invention provides a method for producing a therapeuticcomposition having full-length mRNA that encodes for survival motorneuron 2 protein. In certain embodiments the present invention providesa method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNAthat encodes for frataxin protein. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes for ATP binding cassette subfamilyD member 1 (ABCD1) protein. In certain embodiments the present inventionprovides a method for producing a therapeutic composition havingfull-length mRNA that encodes for CLN3 protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesa peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of theblood or bone marrow of a subject or a blood or bone marrow cell. Incertain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor beta globin protein. In certain embodiments the present inventionprovides a method for producing a therapeutic composition havingfull-length mRNA that encodes for Bruton's tyrosine kinase protein. Incertain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor one or clotting enzymes, such as Factor VIII, Factor IX, Factor VII,and Factor X.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesa peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of thekidney of a subject or a kidney cell. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes for collagen type IV alpha 5 chain(COL4A5) protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesa peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of theeye of a subject or an eye cell. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes for ATP-binding cassette sub-familyA member 4 (ABCA4) protein. In certain embodiments the present inventionprovides a method for producing a therapeutic composition havingfull-length mRNA that encodes for retinoschisin protein. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for retinalpigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa (RPE65) protein. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes forcentrosomal protein of 290 kDa (CEP290).

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesa peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery of or treatment with avaccine for a subject or a cell of a subject. For example, in certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for anantigen from an infectious agent, such as a virus. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for anantigen from influenza virus. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from respiratorysyncytial virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides amethod for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNAthat encodes for an antigen from rabies virus. In certain embodimentsthe present invention provides a method for producing a therapeuticcomposition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen fromcytomegalovirus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides amethod for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNAthat encodes for an antigen from rotavirus. In certain embodiments thepresent invention provides a method for producing a therapeuticcomposition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from ahepatitis virus, such as hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, orhepatis C virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides amethod for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNAthat encodes for an antigen from human papillomavirus. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for anantigen from a herpes simplex virus, such as herpes simplex virus 1 orherpes simplex virus 2. In certain embodiments the present inventionprovides a method for producing a therapeutic composition havingfull-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a humanimmunodeficiency virus, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 orhuman immunodeficiency virus type 2. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a humanmetapneumovirus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides amethod for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNAthat encodes for an antigen from a human parainfluenza virus, such ashuman parainfluenza virus type 1, human parainfluenza virus type 2, orhuman parainfluenza virus type 3. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from malaria virus.In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor an antigen from zika virus. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from chikungunyavirus.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor an antigen associated with a cancer of a subject or identified froma cancer cell of a subject. In certain embodiments the present inventionprovides a method for producing a therapeutic composition havingfull-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen determined from a subject'sown cancer cell, i.e., to provide a personalized cancer vaccine. Incertain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor an antigen expressed from a mutant KRAS gene.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor an antibody. In certain embodiments, the antibody can be abi-specific antibody. In certain embodiments, the antibody can be partof a fusion protein. In certain embodiments the present inventionprovides a method for producing a therapeutic composition havingfull-length mRNA that encodes for an antibody to OX40. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for anantibody to VEGF. In certain embodiments the present invention providesa method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNAthat encodes for an antibody to tissue necrosis factor alpha. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for anantibody to CD3. In certain embodiments the present invention provides amethod for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNAthat encodes for an antibody to CD19.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor an immunomodulator. In certain embodiments the present inventionprovides a method for producing a therapeutic composition havingfull-length mRNA that encodes for Interleukin 12. In certain embodimentsthe present invention provides a method for producing a therapeuticcomposition having full-length mRNA that encodes for Interleukin 23. Incertain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor Interleukin 36 gamma. In certain embodiments the present inventionprovides a method for producing a therapeutic composition havingfull-length mRNA that encodes for a constitutively active variant of oneor more stimulator of interferon genes (STING) proteins.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor an endonuclease. In certain embodiments the present inventionprovides a method for producing a therapeutic composition havingfull-length mRNA that encodes for an RNA-guided DNA endonucleaseprotein, such as Cas 9 protein. In certain embodiments the presentinvention provides a method for producing a therapeutic compositionhaving full-length mRNA that encodes for a meganuclease protein. Incertain embodiments the present invention provides a method forproducing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodesfor a transcription activator-like effector nuclease protein. In certainembodiments the present invention provides a method for producing atherapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for a zincfinger nuclease protein.

In embodiments, exemplary therapeutic uses result from the delivery ofmRNA encoding a secreted protein. Accordingly, in embodiments, thecompositions and methods of the invention provide for delivery of mRNAencoding a secreted protein. In some embodiments, the compositions andmethods of the invention provide for delivery of mRNA encoding one ormore secreted proteins listed in Table 1; thus, compositions of theinvention may comprise an mRNA encoding a protein listed in Table 1 (ora homolog thereof) along with other components set out herein, andmethods of the invention may comprise preparing and/or administering acomposition comprising an mRNA encoding a protein listed in Table 1 (ora homolog thereof) along with other components set out herein Table 1.Secreted Proteins

TABLE 1 Secreted Proteins Uniprot ID Protein Name Gene Name A1E959Odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein ODAM A1KZ92 Peroxidasin-likeprotein PXDNL A1L453 Serine protease 38 PRSS38 A1L4H1 Soluble scavengerreceptor cysteine-rich domain- SSC5D containing protein SSC5D A2RUU4Colipase-like protein 1 CLPSL1 A2VDF0 Fucose mutarotase FUOM A2VEC9SCO-spondin SSPO A3KMH1 von Willebrand factor A domain-containing VWA8protein 8 A4D0S4 Laminin subunit beta-4 LAMB4 A4D1T9 Probable inactiveserine protease 37 PRSS37 A5D8T8 C-type lectin domain family 18 member ACLEC18A A6NC86 phospholipase A2 inhibitor and Ly6/PLAUR PINLYPdomain-containing protein A6NCI4 von Willebrand factor Adomain-containing VWA3A protein 3A A6ND01 Probable folate receptor deltaFOLR4 A6NDD2 Beta-defensin 108B-like A6NE02 BTB/POZ domain-containingprotein 17 BTBD17 A6NEF6 Growth hormone 1 GH1 A6NF02 NPIP-like proteinLOC730153 A6NFB4 HCG1749481, isoform CRA_k CSH1 A6NFZ4 Protein FAM24AFAM24A A6NG13 Glycosyltransferase 54 domain-containing protein A6NGN9IgLON family member 5 IGLON5 A6NHN0 Otolin-1 OTOL1 A6NHN6 Nuclear porecomplex-interacting protein-like 2 NPIPL2 A6NI73 Leukocyteimmunoglobulin-like receptor LILRA5 subfamily A member 5 A6NIT4Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2 CSH2 isoform 2 A6NJ69 IgA-inducingprotein homolog IGIP A6NKQ9 Choriogonadotropin subunit beta variant 1CGB1 A6NMZ7 Collagen alpha-6(VI) chain COL6A6 A6NNS2Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 7C DHRS7C A6XGL2 Insulin Achain INS A8K0G1 Protein Wnt WNT7B A8K2U0 Alpha-2-macroglobulin-likeprotein 1 A2ML1 A8K7I4 Calcium-activated chloride channel regulator 1CLCA1 A8MTL9 Serpin-like protein HMSD HMSD A8MV23 Serpin E3 SERPINE3A8MZH6 Oocyte-secreted protein 1 homolog OOSP1 A8TX70 Collagenalpha-5(VI) chain COL6A5 B0ZBE8 Natriuretic peptide NPPA B1A4G9Somatotropin GH1 B1A4H2 HCG1749481, isoform CRA_d CSH1 B1A4H9 Chorionicsomatomammotropin hormone CSH2 B1AJZ6 Protein Wnt WNT4 B1AKI9 Isthmin-1ISM1 B2RNN3 Complement C1q and tumor necrosis factor- C1QTNF9B relatedprotein 9B B2RUY7 von Willebrand factor C domain-containing VWC2Lprotein 2-like B3GLJ2 Prostate and testis expressed protein 3 PATE3B4DI03 SEC11-like 3 (S. cerevisiae), isoform CRA_a SEC11L3 B4DJF9Protein Wnt WNT4 B4DUL4 SEC11-like 1 (S. cerevisiae), isoform CRA_dSEC11L1 B5MCC8 Protein Wnt WNT10B B8A595 Protein Wnt WNT7B B8A597Protein Wnt WNT7B B8A598 Protein Wnt WNT7B B9A064 Immunoglobulinlambda-like polypeptide 5 IGLL5 C9J3H3 Protein Wnt WNT10B C9J8I8 ProteinWnt WNT5A C9JAF2 Insulin-like growth factor II Ala-25 Del IGF2 C9JCI2Protein Wnt WNT10B C9JL84 HERV-H LTR-associating protein 1 HHLA1 C9JNR5Insulin A chain INS C9JUI2 Protein Wnt WNT2 D6RF47 Protein Wnt WNT8AD6RF94 Protein Wnt WNT8A E2RYF7 Protein PBMUCL2 HCG22 E5RFR1PENK(114-133) PENK E7EML9 Serine protease 44 PRSS44 E7EPC3 Protein WntWNT9B E7EVP0 Nociceptin PNOC E9PD02 Insulin-like growth factor I IGF1E9PH60 Protein Wnt WNT16 E9PJL6 Protein Wnt WNT11 F5GYM2 Protein WntWNT5B F5H034 Protein Wnt WNT5B F5H364 Protein Wnt WNT5B F5H7Q6 ProteinWnt WNT5B F8WCM5 Protein INS-IGF2 INS-IGF2 F8WDR1 Protein Wnt WNT2H0Y663 Protein Wnt WNT4 H0YK72 Signal peptidase complex catalyticsubunit SEC11A SEC11A H0YK83 Signal peptidase complex catalytic subunitSEC11A SEC11A H0YM39 Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone CSH2 H0YMT7Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone CSH1 H0YN17 Chorionicsomatomammotropin hormone CSH2 H0YNA5 Signal peptidase complex catalyticsubunit SEC11A SEC11A H0YNG3 Signal peptidase complex catalytic subunitSEC11A SEC11A H0YNX5 Signal peptidase complex catalytic subunit SEC11ASEC11A H7BZB8 Protein Wnt WNT10A H9KV56 Choriogonadotropin subunit betavariant 2 CGB2 I3L0L8 Protein Wnt WNT9B J3KNZ1 Choriogonadotropinsubunit beta variant 1 CGB1 J3KP00 Choriogonadotropin subunit beta CGB7J3QT02 Choriogonadotropin subunit beta variant 1 CGB1 O00175 C-C motifchemokine 24 CCL24 O00182 Galectin-9 LGALS9 O00187 Mannan-binding lectinserine protease 2 MASP2 O00230 Cortistatin CORT O00253 Agouti-relatedprotein AGRP O00270 12-(S)-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid GPR31receptor O00292 Left-right determination factor 2 LEFTY2 O00294Tubby-related protein 1 TULP1 O00295 Tubby-related protein 2 TULP2O00300 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily TNFRSF11B member 11BO00339 Matrilin-2 MATN2 O00391 Sulfhydryl oxidase 1 QSOX1 O00468 AgrinAGRN O00515 Ladinin-1 LAD1 O00533 Processed neural cell adhesionmolecule L1-like CHL1 protein O00584 Ribonuclease T2 RNASET2 O00585 C-Cmotif chemokine 21 CCL21 O00602 Ficolin-1 FCN1 O00622 Protein CYR61CYR61 O00626 MDC(5-69) CCL22 O00634 Netrin-3 NTN3 O00744 Protein Wnt-10bWNT10B O00755 Protein Wnt-7a WNT7A O14498 Immunoglobulin superfamilycontaining leucine- ISLR rich repeat protein O14511 Pro-neuregulin-2,membrane-bound isoform NRG2 O14594 Neurocan core protein NCAN O14625C-X-C motif chemokine 11 CXCL11 O14638 Ectonucleotide ENPP3pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 3 O14656 Torsin-1A TOR1AO14657 Torsin-1B TOR1B O14786 Neuropilin-1 NRP1 O14788 Tumor necrosisfactor ligand superfamily member TNFSF11 11, membrane form O14791Apolipoprotein L1 APOL1 O14793 Growth/differentiation factor 8 MSTNO14904 Protein Wnt-9a WNT9A O14905 Protein Wnt-9b WNT9B O14944Proepiregulin EREG O14960 Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2 LECT2O15018 Processed PDZ domain-containing protein 2 PDZD2 O15041Semaphorin-3E SEMA3E O15072 A disintegrin and metalloproteinase withADAMTS3 thrombospondin motifs 3 O15123 Angiopoietin-2 ANGPT2 O15130Neuropeptide FF NPFF O15197 Ephrin type-B receptor 6 EPHB6 O15204 ADAMDEC 1 ADAMDEC1 O15230 Laminin subunit alpha-5 LAMA5 O15232 Matrilin-3MATN3 O15240 Neuroendocrine regulatory peptide-1 VGF O15263Beta-defensin 4A DEFB4A O15335 Chondroadherin CHAD O15393 Transmembraneprotease serine 2 catalytic chain TMPRSS2 O15444 C-C motif chemokine 25CCL25 O15467 C-C motif chemokine 16 CCL16 O15496 Group 10 secretoryphospholipase A2 PLA2G10 O15520 Fibroblast growth factor 10 FGF10 O15537Retinoschisin RS1 O43157 Plexin-B1 PLXNB1 O43184 Disintegrin andmetalloproteinase domain- ADAM12 containing protein 12 O43240Kallikrein-10 KLK10 O43278 Kunitz-type protease inhibitor 1 SPINT1O43320 Fibroblast growth factor 16 FGF16 O43323 Desert hedgehog proteinC-product DHH O43405 Cochlin COCH O43508 Tumor necrosis factor ligandsuperfamily member TNFSF12 12, membrane form O43555 Progonadoliberin-2GNRH2 O43557 Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member TNFSF14 14,soluble form O43692 Peptidase inhibitor 15 PI15 O43699 Sialicacid-binding Ig-like lectin 6 SIGLEC6 O43820 Hyaluronidase-3 HYAL3O43827 Angiopoietin-related protein 7 ANGPTL7 O43852 Calumenin CALUO43854 EGF-like repeat and discoidin I-like domain- EDIL3 containingprotein 3 O43866 CD5 antigen-like CD5L O43897 Tolloid-like protein 1TLL1 O43915 Vascular endothelial growth factor D FIGF O43927 C-X-C motifchemokine 13 CXCL13 O60218 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10AKR1B10 O60235 Transmembrane protease serine 11D TMPRSS11D O60258Fibroblast growth factor 17 FGF17 O60259 Kallikrein-8 KLK8 O60383Growth/differentiation factor 9 GDF9 O60469 Down syndrome cell adhesionmolecule DSCAM O60542 Persephin PSPN O60565 Gremlin-1 GREM1 O60575Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 4 SPINK4 O60676 Cystatin-8 CST8O60687 Sushi repeat-containing protein SRPX2 SRPX2 O60844 Zymogengranule membrane protein 16 ZG16 O60882 Matrix metalloproteinase-20MMP20 O60938 Keratocan KERA O75015 Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fcregion FCGR3B receptor III-B O75077 Disintegrin and metalloproteinasedomain- ADAM23 containing protein 23 O75093 Slit homolog 1 protein SLIT1O75094 Slit homolog 3 protein SLIT3 O75095 Multiple epidermal growthfactor-like domains MEGF6 protein 6 O75173 A disintegrin andmetalloproteinase with ADAMTS4 thrombospondin motifs 4 O75200 Nuclearpore complex-interacting protein-like 1 NPIPL1 O75339 Cartilageintermediate layer protein 1 C1 CILP O75354 Ectonucleoside triphosphatediphosphohydrolase 6 ENTPD6 O75386 Tubby-related protein 3 TULP3 O75398Deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor 1 DEAF1 homolog O75443Alpha-tectorin TECTA O75445 Usherin USH2A O75462 Cytokine receptor-likefactor 1 CRLF1 O75487 Glypican-4 GPC4 O75493 Carbonic anhydrase-relatedprotein 11 CA11 O75594 Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 PGLYRP1O75596 C-type lectin domain family 3 member A CLEC3A O75610 Left-rightdetermination factor 1 LEFTY1 O75629 Protein CREG1 CREG1 O75636Ficolin-3 FCN3 O75711 Scrapie-responsive protein 1 SCRG1 O75715Epididymal secretory glutathione peroxidase GPX5 O75718Cartilage-associated protein CRTAP O75829 Chondrosurfactant proteinLECT1 O75830 Serpin I2 SERPINI2 O75882 Attractin ATRN O75888 Tumornecrosis factor ligand superfamily member TNFSF13 13 O75900 Matrixmetalloproteinase-23 MMP23A O75951 Lysozyme-like protein 6 LYZL6 O75973C1q-related factor C1QL1 O76038 Secretagogin SCGN O76061 Stanniocalcin-2STC2 O76076 WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 2 WISP2 O76093Fibroblast growth factor 18 FGF18 O76096 Cystatin-F CST7 O94769Extracellular matrix protein 2 ECM2 O94813 Slit homolog 2 proteinC-product SLIT2 O94907 Dickkopf-related protein 1 DKK1 O94919Endonuclease domain-containing 1 protein ENDOD1 O94964 N-terminal formSOGA1 O95025 Semaphorin-3D SEMA3D O95084 Serine protease 23 PRSS23O95150 Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member TNFSF15 15 O95156Neurexophilin-2 NXPH2 O95157 Neurexophilin-3 NXPH3 O95158Neurexophilin-4 NXPH4 O95388 WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 1WISP1 O95389 WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 3 WISP3 O95390Growth/differentiation factor 11 GDF11 O95393 Bone morphogenetic protein10 BMP 10 O95399 Urotensin-2 UTS2 O95407 Tumor necrosis factor receptorsuperfamily TNFRSF6B member 6B O95428 Papilin PAPLN O95445Apolipoprotein M APOM O95450 A disintegrin and metalloproteinase withADAMTS2 thrombospondin motifs 2 O95460 Matrilin-4 MATN4 O95467 LHALtetrapeptide GNAS O95631 Netrin-1 NTN1 O95633 Follistatin-relatedprotein 3 FSTL3 O95711 Lymphocyte antigen 86 LY86 O95715 C-X-C motifchemokine 14 CXCL14 O95750 Fibroblast growth factor 19 FGF19 O95760Interleukin-33 IL33 O95813 Cerberus CER1 O95841 Angiopoietin-relatedprotein 1 ANGPTL1 O95897 Noelin-2 OLFM2 O95925 Eppin EPPIN O95965Integrin beta-like protein 1 ITGBL1 O95967 EGF-containing fibulin-likeextracellular matrix EFEMP2 protein 2 O95968 Secretoglobin family 1Dmember 1 SCGB1D1 O95969 Secretoglobin family 1D member 2 SCGB1D2 O95970Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 LGI1 O95972 Bone morphogeneticprotein 15 BMP15 O95994 Anterior gradient protein 2 homolog AGR2 O95998Interleukin-18-binding protein IL18BP O96009 Napsin-A NAPSA O96014Protein Wnt-11 WNT11 P00450 Ceruloplasmin CP P00451 Factor Villa lightchain F8 P00488 Coagulation factor XIII A chain F13A1 P00533 Epidermalgrowth factor receptor EGFR P00709 Alpha-lactalbumin LALBA P00734Prothrombin F2 P00738 Haptoglobin beta chain HP P00739Haptoglobin-related protein HPR P00740 Coagulation factor IXa heavychain F9 P00742 Factor X heavy chain F10 P00746 Complement factor D CFDP00747 Plasmin light chain B PLG P00748 Coagulation factor XIIa lightchain F12 P00749 Urokinase-type plasminogen activator long PLAU chain AP00750 Tissue-type plasminogen activator PLAT P00751 Complement factor BBa fragment CFB P00797 Renin REN P00973 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthase 1OAS1 P00995 Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor SPINK1 P01008Antithrombin-III SERPINC1 P01009 Alpha-1-antitrypsin SERPINA1 P01011Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin His-Pro-less SERPINA3 P01019 Angiotensin-1 AGTP01023 Alpha-2-macroglobulin A2M P01024 Acylation stimulating protein C3P01031 Complement C5 beta chain C5 P01033 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 1TIMP1 P01034 Cystatin-C CST3 P01036 Cystatin-S CST4 P01037 Cystatin-SNCST1 P01042 Kininogen-1 light chain KNG1 P01127 Platelet-derived growthfactor subunit B PDGFB P01135 Transforming growth factor alpha TGFAP01137 Transforming growth factor beta-1 TGFB1 P01138 Beta-nerve growthfactor NGF P01148 Gonadoliberin-1 GNRH1 P01160 Atrial natriuretic factorNPPA P01178 Oxytocin OXT P01185 Vasopressin-neurophysin 2-copeptin AVPP01189 Corticotropin POMC P01210 PENK(237-258) PENK P01213Alpha-neoendorphin PDYN P01215 Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain CGAP01222 Thyrotropin subunit beta TSHB P01225 Follitropin subunit betaFSHB P01229 Lutropin subunit beta LHB P01233 Choriogonadotropin subunitbeta CGB8 P01236 Prolactin PRL P01241 Somatotropin GH1 P01242 Growthhormone variant GH2 P01243 Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone CSH2P01258 Katacalcin CALCA P01266 Thyroglobulin TG P01270 Parathyroidhormone PTH P01275 Glucagon GCG P01282 Intestinal peptide PHM-27 VIPP01286 Somatoliberin GHRH P01298 Pancreatic prohormone PPY P01303C-flanking peptide of NPY NPY P01308 Insulin INS P01344 Insulin-likegrowth factor II IGF2 P01350 Big gastrin GAST P01374 Lymphotoxin-alphaLTA P01375 C-domain 1 TNF P01562 Interferon alpha-1/13 IFNA1 P01563Interferon alpha-2 IFNA2 P01566 Interferon alpha-10 IFNA10 P01567Interferon alpha-7 IFNA7 P01568 Interferon alpha-21 IFNA21 P01569Interferon alpha-5 IFNA5 P01570 Interferon alpha-14 IFNA14 P01571Interferon alpha-17 IFNA17 P01574 Interferon beta IFNB1 P01579Interferon gamma IFNG P01583 Interleukin-1 alpha IL1A P01584Interleukin-1 beta IL1B P01588 Erythropoietin EPO P01591 ImmunoglobulinJ chain IGJ P01732 T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain CD8AP01833 Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor PIGR P01857 Ig gamma-1 chain Cregion IGHG1 P01859 Ig gamma-2 chain C region IGHG2 P01860 Ig gamma-3chain C region IGHG3 P01861 Ig gamma-4 chain C region IGHG4 P01871 Ig muchain C region IGHM P01880 Ig delta chain C region IGHD P02452 Collagenalpha-1(I) chain COL1A1 P02458 Chondrocalcin COL2A1 P02461 Collagenalpha-1(III) chain COL3A1 P02462 Collagen alpha-1(IV) chain COL4A1P02647 Apolipoprotein A-I APOA1 P02649 Apolipoprotein E APOE P02652Apolipoprotein A-II APOA2 P02654 Apolipoprotein C-I APOC1 P02655Apolipoprotein C-II APOC2 P02656 Apolipoprotein C-III APOC3 P02671Fibrinogen alpha chain FGA P02675 Fibrinopeptide B FGB P02679 Fibrinogengamma chain FGG P02741 C-reactive protein CRP P02743 Serum amyloidP-component(1-203) APCS P02745 Complement C1q subcomponent subunit AC1QA P02746 Complement C1q subcomponent subunit B C1QB P02747 ComplementC1q subcomponent subunit C C1QC P02748 Complement component C9b C9P02749 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 APOH P02750 Leucine-richalpha-2-glycoprotein LRG1 P02751 Ugl-Y2 FN1 P02753 Retinol-bindingprotein 4 RBP4 P02760 Trypstatin AMBP P02763 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1ORM1 P02765 Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein chain A AHSG P02766 TransthyretinTTR P02768 Serum albumin ALB P02771 Alpha-fetoprotein AFP P02774 VitaminD-binding protein GC P02775 Connective tissue-activating peptide IIIPPBP P02776 Platelet factor 4 PF4 P02778 CXCL10(1-73) CXCL10 P02786Transferrin receptor protein 1 TFRC P02787 Serotransferrin TF P02788Lactoferroxin-C LTF P02790 Hemopexin HPX P02808 Statherin STATH P02810Salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoprotein 1/2 PRH2 P02812 Basicsalivary proline-rich protein 2 PRB2 P02814 Peptide D1A SMR3B P02818Osteocalcin BGLAP P03950 Angiogenin ANG P03951 Coagulation factor XIaheavy chain F11 P03952 Plasma kallikrein KLKB1 P03956 27 kDainterstitial collagenase MMP1 P03971 Muellerian-inhibiting factor AMHP03973 Antileukoproteinase SLPI P04003 C4b-binding protein alpha chainC4BPA P04004 Somatomedin-B VTN P04054 Phospholipase A2 PLA2G1B P04085Platelet-derived growth factor subunit A PDGFA P04090 Relaxin A chainRLN2 P04114 Apolipoprotein B-100 APOB P04118 Colipase CLPS P04141Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating CSF2 factor P04155 Trefoilfactor 1 TFF1 P04180 Phosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferase LCATP04196 Histidine-rich glycoprotein HRG P04217 Alpha-1B-glycoprotein A1BGP04275 von Willebrand antigen 2 VWF P04278 Sex hormone-binding globulinSHBG P04279 Alpha-inhibin-31 SEMG1 P04280 Basic salivary proline-richprotein 1 PRB1 P04628 Proto-oncogene Wnt-1 WNT1 P04745 Alpha-amylase 1AMY1A P04746 Pancreatic alpha-amylase AMY2A P04808 Prorelaxin H1 RLN1P05000 Interferon omega-1 IFNW1 P05013 Interferon alpha-6 IFNA6 P05014Interferon alpha-4 IFNA4 P05015 Interferon alpha-16 IFNA16 P05019Insulin-like growth factor I IGF1 P05060 GAWK peptide CHGB P05090Apolipoprotein D APOD P05109 Protein S100-A8 S100A8 P05111 Inhibin alphachain INHA P05112 Interleukin-4 IL4 P05113 Interleukin-5 IL5 P05120Plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 SERPINB2 P05121 Plasminogen activatorinhibitor 1 SERPINE1 P05154 Plasma serine protease inhibitor SERPINA5P05155 Plasma protease C1 inhibitor SERPING1 P05156 Complement factor Iheavy chain CFI P05160 Coagulation factor XIII B chain F13B P05161Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 ISG15 P05230 Fibroblast growth factor 1FGF1 P05231 Interleukin-6 IL6 P05305 Big endothelin-1 EDN1 P05408C-terminal peptide SCG5 P05451 Lithostathine-1-alpha REG1A P05452Tetranectin CLEC3B P05543 Thyroxine-binding globulin SERPINA7 P05814Beta-casein CSN2 P05997 Collagen alpha-2(V) chain COL5A2 P06276Cholinesterase BCHE P06307 Cholecystokinin-12 CCK P06396 Gelsolin GSNP06681 Complement C2 C2 P06702 Protein S100-A9 S100A9 P06727Apolipoprotein A-IV APOA4 P06734 Low affinity immunoglobulin epsilon Fcreceptor FCER2 soluble form P06744 Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase GPIP06850 Corticoliberin CRH P06858 Lipoprotein lipase LPL P06881Calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 CALCA P07093 Glia-derived nexinSERPINE2 P07098 Gastric triacylglycerol lipase LIPF P07225 VitaminK-dependent protein S PROS1 P07237 Protein disulfide-isomerase P4HBP07288 Prostate-specific antigen KLK3 P07306 Asialoglycoprotein receptor1 ASGR1 P07355 Annexin A2 ANXA2 P07357 Complement component C8 alphachain C8A P07358 Complement component C8 beta chain C8B P07360Complement component C8 gamma chain C8G P07477 Alpha-trypsin chain 2PRSS1 P07478 Trypsin-2 PRSS2 P07492 Neuromedin-C GRP P07498 Kappa-caseinCSN3 P07585 Decorin DCN P07911 Uromodulin UMOD P07942 Laminin subunitbeta-1 LAMB1 P07988 Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B SFTPBP07998 Ribonuclease pancreatic RNASE1 P08118 Beta-microseminoproteinMSMB P08123 Collagen alpha-2(I) chain COL1A2 P08185Corticosteroid-binding globulin SERPINA6 P08217 Chymotrypsin-likeelastase family member 2A CELA2A P08218 Chymotrypsin-like elastasefamily member 2B CELA2B P08253 72 kDa type IV collagenase MMP2 P08254Stromelysin-1 MMP3 P08294 Extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu—Zn]SOD3 P08476 Inhibin beta A chain INHBA P08493 Matrix Gla protein MGPP08572 Collagen alpha-2(IV) chain COL4A2 P08581 Hepatocyte growth factorreceptor MET P08603 Complement factor H CFH P08620 Fibroblast growthfactor 4 FGF4 P08637 Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region FCGR3Areceptor III-A P08697 Alpha-2-antiplasmin SERPINF2 P08700 Interleukin-3IL3 P08709 Coagulation factor VII F7 P08833 Insulin-like growthfactor-binding protein 1 IGFBP1 P08887 Interleukin-6 receptor subunitalpha IL6R P08949 Neuromedin-B-32 NMB P08F94 Fibrocystin PKHD1 P09038Fibroblast growth factor 2 FGF2 P09228 Cystatin-SA CST2 P09237Matrilysin MMP7 P09238 Stromelysin-2 MMP10 P09341 Growth-regulated alphaprotein CXCL1 P09382 Galectin-1 LGALS1 P09466 Glycodelin PAEP P09486SPARC SPARC P09529 Inhibin beta B chain INHBB P09544 Protein Wnt-2 WNT2P09603 Processed macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 CSF1 P09681Gastric inhibitory polypeptide GIP P09683 Secretin SCT P09919Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor CSF3 P0C091 FRAS1-relatedextracellular matrix protein 3 FREM3 P0C0L4 C4d-A C4A P0C0L5 ComplementC4-B alpha chain C4B P0C0P6 Neuropeptide S NPS P0C7L1 Serine proteaseinhibitor Kazal-type 8 SPINK8 P0C862 Complement C1q and tumor necrosisfactor- C1QTNF9 related protein 9A P0C8F1 Prostate and testis expressedprotein 4 PATE4 P0CG01 Gastrokine-3 GKN3P P0CG36 Cryptic family protein1B CFC1B P0CG37 Cryptic protein CFC1 P0CJ68 Humanin-like protein 1MTRNR2L1 P0CJ69 Humanin-like protein 2 MTRNR2L2 P0CJ70 Humanin-likeprotein 3 MTRNR2L3 P0CJ71 Humanin-like protein 4 MTRNR2L4 P0CJ72Humanin-like protein 5 MTRNR2L5 P0CJ73 Humanin-like protein 6 MTRNR2L6P0CJ74 Humanin-like protein 7 MTRNR2L7 P0CJ75 Humanin-like protein 8MTRNR2L8 P0CJ76 Humanin-like protein 9 MTRNR2L9 P0CJ77 Humanin-likeprotein 10 MTRNR2L10 P0DJD7 Pepsin A-4 PGA4 P0DJD8 Pepsin A-3 PGA3P0DJD9 Pepsin A-5 PGA5 P0DJI8 Amyloid protein A SAA1 P0DJI9 Serumamyloid A-2 protein SAA2 P10082 Peptide YY(3-36) PYY P10092 Calcitoningene-related peptide 2 CALCB P10124 Serglycin SRGN P10145 MDNCF-a IL8P10147 MIP-1-alpha(4-69) CCL3 P10163 Peptide P-D PRB4 P10451 OsteopontinSPP1 P10599 Thioredoxin TXN P10600 Transforming growth factor beta-3TGFB3 P10643 Complement component C7 C7 P10645 Vasostatin-2 CHGA P10646Tissue factor pathway inhibitor TFPI P10720 Platelet factor 4variant(4-74) PF4V1 P10745 Retinol-binding protein 3 RBP3 P10767Fibroblast growth factor 6 FGF6 P10909 Clusterin alpha chain CLU P10912Growth hormone receptor GHR P10915 Hyaluronan and proteoglycan linkprotein 1 HAPLN1 P10966 T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain CD8BP10997 Islet amyloid polypeptide IAPP P11047 Laminin subunit gamma-1LAMC1 P11150 Hepatic triacylglycerol lipase LIPC P11226 Mannose-bindingprotein C MBL2 P11464 Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 1 PSG1P11465 Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 2 PSG2 P11487 Fibroblastgrowth factor 3 FGF3 P11597 Cholesteryl ester transfer protein CETPP11684 Uteroglobin SCGB1A1 P11686 Pulmonary surfactant-associatedprotein C SFTPC P12034 Fibroblast growth factor 5 FGF5 P12107 Collagenalpha-1(XI) chain COL11A1 P12109 Collagen alpha-1(VI) chain COL6A1P12110 Collagen alpha-2(VI) chain COL6A2 P12111 Collagen alpha-3(VI)chain COL6A3 P12259 Coagulation factor V F5 P12272 PTHrP[1-36] PTHLHP12273 Prolactin-inducible protein PIP P12544 Granzyme A GZMA P12643Bone morphogenetic protein 2 BMP2 P12644 Bone morphogenetic protein 4BMP4 P12645 Bone morphogenetic protein 3 BMP3 P12724 Eosinophil cationicprotein RNASE3 P12821 Angiotensin-converting enzyme, soluble form ACEP12838 Neutrophil defensin 4 DEFA4 P12872 Motilin MLN P13232Interleukin-7 IL7 P13236 C-C motif chemokine 4 CCL4 P13284Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol IFI30 reductase P13500 C-Cmotif chemokine 2 CCL2 P13501 C-C motif chemokine 5 CCL5 P13521Secretogranin-2 SCG2 P13591 Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 NCAM1 P13611Versican core protein VCAN P13671 Complement component C6 C6 P13688Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion CEACAM1 molecule 1 P13725Oncostatin-M OSM P13726 Tissue factor F3 P13727 Eosinophil granule majorbasic protein PRG2 P13942 Collagen alpha-2(XI) chain COL11A2 P13987 CD59glycoprotein CD59 P14138 Endothelin-3 EDN3 P14174 Macrophage migrationinhibitory factor MIF P14207 Folate receptor beta FOLR2 P14222Perforin-1 PRF1 P14543 Nidogen-1 NID1 P14555 Phospholipase A2, membraneassociated PLA2G2A P14625 Endoplasmin HSP90B1 P14735 Insulin-degradingenzyme IDE P14778 Interleukin-1 receptor type 1, soluble form IL1R1P14780 82 kDa matrix metalloproteinase-9 MMP9 P15018 Leukemia inhibitoryfactor LIF P15085 Carboxypeptidase A1 CPA1 P15086 Carboxypeptidase BCPB1 P15151 Poliovirus receptor PVR P15169 Carboxypeptidase N catalyticchain CPN1 P15248 Interleukin-9 IL9 P15291 N-acetyllactosamine synthaseB4GALT1 P15309 PAPG9 ACPP P15328 Folate receptor alpha FOLR1 P15374Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L3 UCHL3 P15502 ElastinELN P15509 Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating CSF2RA factorreceptor subunit alpha P15515 Histatin-1 HTN1 P15516His3-(31-51)-peptide HTN3 P15692 Vascular endothelial growth factor AVEGFA P15814 Immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1 IGLL1 P15907Beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 ST6GAL1 P15941 Mucin-1subunit beta MUC1 P16035 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 TIMP2 P16112Aggrecan core protein 2 ACAN P16233 Pancreatic triacylglycerol lipasePNLIP P16442 Histo-blood group ABO system transferase ABO P16471Prolactin receptor PRLR P16562 Cysteine-rich secretory protein 2 CRISP2P16619 C-C motif chemokine 3-like 1 CCL3L1 P16860 BNP(3-29) NPPB P16870Carboxypeptidase E CPE P16871 Interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha IL7RP17213 Bactericidal permeability-increasing protein BPI P17538Chymotrypsinogen B CTRB1 P17931 Galectin-3 LGALS3 P17936 Insulin-likegrowth factor-binding protein 3 IGFBP3 P17948 Vascular endothelialgrowth factor receptor 1 FLT1 P18065 Insulin-like growth factor-bindingprotein 2 IGFBP2 P18075 Bone morphogenetic protein 7 BMP7 P18428Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein LBP P18509 PACAP-related peptideADCYAP1 P18510 Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein IL1RN P18827Syndecan-1 SDC1 P19021 Peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating PAMmonooxygenase P19235 Erythropoietin receptor EPOR P19438 Tumor necrosisfactor-binding protein 1 TNFRSF1A P19652 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 2ORM2 P19801 Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper- ABP1 containing]P19823 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2 ITIH2 P19827Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1 ITIH1 P19835 Bilesalt-activated lipase CEL P19875 C-X-C motif chemokine 2 CXCL2 P19876C-X-C motif chemokine 3 CXCL3 P19883 Follistatin FST P19957 Elafin PI3P19961 Alpha-amylase 2B AMY2B P20061 Transcobalamin-1 TCN1 P20062Transcobalamin-2 TCN2 P20142 Gastricsin PGC P20155 Serine proteaseinhibitor Kazal-type 2 SPINK2 P20231 Tryptase beta-2 TPSB2 P20333 Tumornecrosis factor receptor superfamily TNFRSF1B member 1B P20366 SubstanceP TAC1 P20382 Melanin-concentrating hormone PMCH P20396 Thyroliberin TRHP20742 Pregnancy zone protein PZP P20774 Mimecan OGN P20783Neurotrophin-3 NTF3 P20800 Endothelin-2 EDN2 P20809 Interleukin-11 IL11P20827 Ephrin-A1 EFNA1 P20849 Collagen alpha-1(IX) chain COL9A1 P20851C4b-binding protein beta chain C4BPB P20908 Collagen alpha-1(V) chainCOL5A1 P21128 Poly(U)-specific endoribonuclease ENDOU P21246Pleiotrophin PTN P21583 Kit ligand KITLG P21741 Midkine MDK P21754 Zonapellucida sperm-binding protein 3 ZP3 P21781 Fibroblast growth factor 7FGF7 P21802 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 FGFR2 P21810 BiglycanBGN P21815 Bone sialoprotein 2 IBSP P21860 Receptor tyrosine-proteinkinase erbB-3 ERBB3 P21941 Cartilage matrix protein MATN1 P22003 Bonemorphogenetic protein 5 BMP5 P22004 Bone morphogenetic protein 6 BMP6P22079 Lactoperoxidase LPO P22105 Tenascin-X TNXB P22301 Interleukin-10IL10 P22303 Acetylcholinesterase ACHE P22352 Glutathione peroxidase 3GPX3 P22362 C-C motif chemokine 1 CCL1 P22455 Fibroblast growth factorreceptor 4 FGFR4 P22466 Galanin message-associated peptide GAL P22692Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 IGFBP4 P22749 GranulysinGNLY P22792 Carboxypeptidase N subunit 2 CPN2 P22891 Vitamin K-dependentprotein Z PROZ P22894 Neutrophil collagenase MMP8 P23142 Fibulin-1 FBLN1P23280 Carbonic anhydrase 6 CA6 P23352 Anosmin-1 KAL1 P23435Cerebellin-1 CBLN1 P23560 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF P23582C-type natriuretic peptide NPPC P23946 Chymase CMA1 P24043 Lamininsubunit alpha-2 LAMA2 P24071 Immunoglobulin alpha Fc receptor FCARP24347 Stromelysin-3 MMP11 P24387 Corticotropin-releasing factor-bindingprotein CRHBP P24592 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 6 IGFBP6P24593 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 IGFBP5 P24821Tenascin TNC P24855 Deoxyribonuclease-1 DNASE1 P25067 Collagenalpha-2(VIII) chain COL8A2 P25311 Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein AZGP1 P25391Laminin subunit alpha-1 LAMA1 P25445 Tumor necrosis factor receptorsuperfamily FAS member 6 P25940 Collagen alpha-3(V) chain COL5A3 P25942Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily CD40 member 5 P26022Pentraxin-related protein PTX3 PTX3 P26927 Hepatocyte growth factor-likeprotein beta chain MST1 P27169 Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 PON1P27352 Gastric intrinsic factor GIF P27487 Dipeptidyl peptidase 4membrane form DPP4 P27539 Embryonic growth/differentiation factor 1 GDF1P27658 Vastatin COL8A1 P27797 Calreticulin CALR P27918 Properdin CFPP28039 Acyloxyacyl hydrolase AOAH P28300 Protein-lysine 6-oxidase LOXP28325 Cystatin-D CST5 P28799 Granulin-1 GRN P29122 Proproteinconvertase subtilisin/kexin type 6 PCSK6 P29279 Connective tissue growthfactor CTGF P29320 Ephrin type-A receptor 3 EPHA3 P29400 Collagenalpha-5(IV) chain COL4A5 P29459 Interleukin-12 subunit alpha IL12AP29460 Interleukin-12 subunit beta IL12B P29508 Serpin B3 SERPINB3P29622 Kallistatin SERPINA4 P29965 CD40 ligand, soluble form CD40LGP30990 Neurotensin/neuromedin N NTS P31025 Lipocalin-1 LCN1 P31151Protein S100-A7 S100A7 P31371 Fibroblast growth factor 9 FGF9 P31431Syndecan-4 SDC4 P31947 14-3-3 protein sigma SFN P32455Interferon-induced guanylate-binding protein 1 GBP1 P32881 Interferonalpha-8 IFNA8 P34096 Ribonuclease 4 RNASE4 P34130 Neurotrophin-4 NTF4P34820 Bone morphogenetic protein 8B BMP8B P35030 Trypsin-3 PRSS3 P35052Secreted glypican-1 GPC1 P35070 Betacellulin BTC P35225 Interleukin-13IL13 P35247 Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein D SFTPD P35318 ADMADM P35542 Serum amyloid A-4 protein SAA4 P35555 Fibrillin-1 FBN1 P35556Fibrillin-2 FBN2 P35625 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 3 TIMP3 P35858Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex IGFALS acid labilesubunit P35916 Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 FLT4 P35968Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 KDR P36222Chitinase-3-like protein 1 CHI3L1 P36952 Serpin B5 SERPINB5 P36955Pigment epithelium-derived factor SERPINF1 P36980 Complement factorH-related protein 2 CFHR2 P39059 Collagen alpha-1(XV) chain COL15A1P39060 Collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain COL18A1 P39877 Calcium-dependentphospholipase A2 PLA2G5 P39900 Macrophage metalloelastase MMP12 P39905Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor GDNF P40225 ThrombopoietinTHPO P40967 M-alpha PMEL P41159 Leptin LEP P41221 Protein Wnt-5a WNT5AP41222 Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase PTGDS P41271 Neuroblastomasuppressor of tumorigenicity 1 NBL1 P41439 Folate receptor gamma FOLR3P42127 Agouti-signaling protein ASIP P42702 Leukemia inhibitory factorreceptor LIFR P42830 ENA-78(9-78) CXCL5 P43026 Growth/differentiationfactor 5 GDF5 P43251 Biotinidase BTD P43652 Afamin AFM P45452Collagenase 3 MMP13 P47710 Casoxin-D CSN1S1 P47929 Galectin-7 LGALS7BP47972 Neuronal pentraxin-2 NPTX2 P47989 Xanthine oxidase XDH P47992Lymphotactin XCL1 P48023 Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily memberFASLG 6, membrane form P48052 Carboxypeptidase A2 CPA2 P48061 Stromalcell-derived factor 1 CXCL12 P48304 Lithostathine-1-beta REG1B P48307Tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 TFPI2 P48357 Leptin receptor LEPRP48594 Serpin B4 SERPINB4 P48645 Neuromedin-U-25 NMU P48740Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 MASP1 P48745 Protein NOV homologNOV P48960 CD97 antigen subunit beta CD97 P49223 Kunitz-type proteaseinhibitor 3 SPINT3 P49747 Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein COMPP49763 Placenta growth factor PGF P49765 Vascular endothelial growthfactor B VEGFB P49767 Vascular endothelial growth factor C VEGFC P49771Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand FLT3LG P49862 Kallikrein-7 KLK7P49863 Granzyme K GZMK P49908 Selenoprotein P SEPP1 P49913 Antibacterialprotein FALL-39 CAMP P50607 Tubby protein homolog TUB P51124 Granzyme MGZMM P51512 Matrix metalloproteinase-16 MMP16 P51654 Glypican-3 GPC3P51671 Eotaxin CCL11 P51884 Lumican LUM P51888 Prolargin PRELP P52798Ephrin-A4 EFNA4 P52823 Stanniocalcin-1 STC1 P53420 Collagen alpha-4(IV)chain COL4A4 P53621 Coatomer subunit alpha COPA P54108 Cysteine-richsecretory protein 3 CRISP3 P54315 Pancreatic lipase-related protein 1PNLIPRP1 P54317 Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 PNLIPRP2 P54793Arylsulfatase F ARSF P55000 Secreted Ly-6/uPAR-related protein 1 SLURP 1P55001 Microfibrillar-associated protein 2 MFAP2 P55056 ApolipoproteinC-IV APOC4 P55058 Phospholipid transfer protein PLTP P55075 Fibroblastgrowth factor 8 FGF8 P55081 Microfibrillar-associated protein 1 MFAP1P55083 Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4 MFAP4 P55107 Bonemorphogenetic protein 3B GDF10 P55145 Mesencephalic astrocyte-derivedneurotrophic MANF factor P55259 Pancreatic secretory granule membranemajor GP2 glycoprotein GP2 P55268 Laminin subunit beta-2 LAMB2 P55773CCL23(30-99) CCL23 P55774 C-C motif chemokine 18 CCL18 P55789 FAD-linkedsulfhydryl oxidase ALR GFER P56703 Proto-oncogene Wnt-3 WNT3 P56704Protein Wnt-3a WNT3A P56705 Protein Wnt-4 WNT4 P56706 Protein Wnt-7bWNT7B P56730 Neurotrypsin PRSS12 P56851 Epididymal secretory proteinE3-beta EDDM3B P56975 Neuregulin-3 NRG3 P58062 Serine protease inhibitorKazal-type 7 SPINK7 P58215 Lysyl oxidase homolog 3 LOXL3 P58294Prokineticin-1 PROK1 P58335 Anthrax toxin receptor 2 ANTXR2 P58397 Adisintegrin and metalloproteinase with ADAMTS12 thrombospondin motifs 12P58417 Neurexophilin-1 NXPH1 P58499 Protein FAM3B FAM3B P59510 Adisintegrin and metalloproteinase with ADAMTS20 thrombospondin motifs 20P59665 Neutrophil defensin 1 DEFA1B P59666 Neutrophil defensin 3 DEFA3P59796 Glutathione peroxidase 6 GPX6 P59826 BPI fold-containing family Bmember 3 BPIFB3 P59827 BPI fold-containing family B member 4 BPIFB4P59861 Beta-defensin 131 DEFB131 P60022 Beta-defensin 1 DEFB1 P60153Inactive ribonuclease-like protein 9 RNASE9 P60827 Complement C1q tumornecrosis factor-related C1QTNF8 protein 8 P60852 Zona pellucidasperm-binding protein 1 ZP1 P60985 Keratinocytedifferentiation-associated protein KRTDAP P61109 Kidneyandrogen-regulated protein KAP P61278 Somatostatin-14 SST P61366Osteocrin OSTN P61626 Lysozyme C LYZ P61769 Beta-2-microglobulin B2MP61812 Transforming growth factor beta-2 TGFB2 P61916 Epididymalsecretory protein E1 NPC2 P62502 Epididymal-specific lipocalin-6 LCN6P62937 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A PPIA P67809Nuclease-sensitive element-binding protein 1 YBX1 P67812 Signalpeptidase complex catalytic subunit SEC11A SEC11A P78310 Coxsackievirusand adenovirus receptor CXADR P78333 Secreted glypican-5 GPC5 P78380Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 OLR1 P78423 Processedfractalkine CX3CL1 P78509 Reelin RELN P78556 CCL20(2-70) CCL20 P80075MCP-2(6-76) CCL8 P80098 C-C motif chemokine 7 CCL7 P80108Phosphatidylinositol-glycan-specific GPLD1 phospholipase D P80162 C-X-Cmotif chemokine 6 CXCL6 P80188 Neutrophil gelatinase-associatedlipocalin LCN2 P80303 Nucleobindin-2 NUCB2 P80511 Calcitermin S100A12P81172 Hepcidin-25 HAMP P81277 Prolactin-releasing peptide PRLH P81534Beta-defensin 103 DEFB103A P81605 Dermcidin DCD P82279 Protein crumbshomolog 1 CRB1 P82987 ADAMTS-like protein 3 ADAMTSL3 P83105 Serineprotease HTRA4 HTRA4 P83110 Serine protease HTRA3 HTRA3 P83859Orexigenic neuropeptide QRFP QRFP P98088 Mucin-5AC MUC5AC P98095Fibulin-2 FBLN2 P98160 Basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate HSPG2proteoglycan core protein P98173 Protein FAM3A FAM3A Q00604 Norrin NDPQ00796 Sorbitol dehydrogenase SORD Q00887 Pregnancy-specificbeta-1-glycoprotein 9 PSG9 Q00888 Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein4 PSG4 Q00889 Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 6 PSG6 Q01523HD5(56-94) DEFA5 Q01524 Defensin-6 DEFA6 Q01955 Collagen alpha-3(IV)chain COL4A3 Q02297 Pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform NRG1 Q02325Plasminogen-like protein B PLGLB1 Q02383 Semenogelin-2 SEMG2 Q02388Collagen alpha-1(VII) chain COL7A1 Q02505 Mucin-3A MUC3A Q02509Otoconin-90 OC90 Q02747 Guanylin GUCA2A Q02763 Angiopoietin-1 receptorTEK Q02817 Mucin-2 MUC2 Q02985 Complement factor H-related protein 3CFHR3 Q03167 Transforming growth factor beta receptor type 3 TGFBR3Q03403 Trefoil factor 2 TFF2 Q03405 Urokinase plasminogen activatorsurface receptor PLAUR Q03591 Complement factor H-related protein 1CFHR1 Q03692 Collagen alpha-1(X) chain COL10A1 Q04118 Basic salivaryproline-rich protein 3 PRB3 Q04756 Hepatocyte growth factor activatorshort chain HGFAC Q04900 Sialomucin core protein 24 CD164 Q05315Eosinophil lysophospholipase CLC Q05707 Collagen alpha-1 (XIV) chainCOL14A1 Q05996 Processed zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 2 ZP2Q06033 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H3 ITIH3 Q06141Regenerating islet-derived protein 3-alpha REG3A Q06828 FibromodulinFMOD Q07092 Collagen alpha-1(XVI) chain COL16A1 Q07325 C-X-C motifchemokine 9 CXCL9 Q07507 Dermatopontin DPT Q075Z2 Binder of spermprotein homolog 1 BSPH1 Q07654 Trefoil factor 3 TFF3 Q07699 Sodiumchannel subunit beta-1 SCN1B Q08345 Epithelial discoidindomain-containing receptor 1 DDR1 Q08380 Galectin-3-binding proteinLGALS3BP Q08397 Lysyl oxidase homolog 1 LOXL1 Q08431 Lactadherin MFGE8Q08629 Testican-1 SPOCK1 Q08648 Sperm-associated antigen 11B SPAG11BQ08830 Fibrinogen-like protein 1 FGL1 Q10471 PolypeptideN-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 GALNT2 Q10472 PolypeptideN-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 GALNT1 Q11201CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide- ST3GAL1alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 Q11203CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-1,4-galactoside ST3GAL3alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase Q11206CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide- ST3GAL4alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4 Q12794 Hyaluronidase-1 HYAL1 Q12805EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix EFEMP1 protein 1 Q12836Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 4 ZP4 Q12841 Follistatin-relatedprotein 1 FSTL1 Q12904 Aminoacyl tRNA synthase complex-interacting AIMP1multifunctional protein 1 Q13018 Soluble secretory phospholipase A2receptor PLA2R1 Q13072 B melanoma antigen 1 BAGE Q13093Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase PLA2G7 Q13103 Secretedphosphoprotein 24 SPP2 Q13162 Peroxiredoxin-4 PRDX4 Q13201 Plateletglycoprotein Ia* MMRN1 Q13214 Semaphorin-3B SEMA3B Q13219 Pappalysin-1PAPPA Q13231 Chitotriosidase-1 CHIT1 Q13253 Noggin NOG Q13261Interleukin-15 receptor subunit alpha IL15RA Q13275 Semaphorin-3F SEMA3FQ13291 Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule SLAMF1 Q13316 Dentinmatrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 DMP1 Q13361 Microfibrillar-associatedprotein 5 MFAP5 Q13410 Butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 BTN1A1 Q13421Mesothelin, cleaved form MSLN Q13429 Insulin-like growth factor I IGF-IQ13443 Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain- ADAM9 containingprotein 9 Q13519 Neuropeptide 1 PNOC Q13751 Laminin subunit beta-3 LAMB3Q13753 Laminin subunit gamma-2 LAMC2 Q13790 Apolipoprotein F APOF Q13822Ectonucleotide ENPP2 pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2Q14031 Collagen alpha-6(IV) chain COL4A6 Q14050 Collagen alpha-3(IX)chain COL9A3 Q14055 Collagen alpha-2(IX) chain COL9A2 Q14112 Nidogen-2NID2 Q14114 Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 LRP8Q14118 Dystroglycan DAG1 Q14314 Fibroleukin FGL2 Q14393 Growtharrest-specific protein 6 GAS6 Q14406 Chorionic somatomammotropinhormone-like 1 CSHL1 Q14507 Epididymal secretory protein E3-alpha EDDM3AQ14508 WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 2 WFDC2 Q14512 Fibroblastgrowth factor-binding protein 1 FGFBP1 Q14515 SPARC-like protein 1SPARCL1 Q14520 Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 27 kDa light chain HABP2Q14563 Semaphorin-3A SEMA3A Q14623 Indian hedgehog protein IHH Q14624Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 ITIH4 Q14667 UPF0378protein KIAA0100 KIAA0100 Q14703 Membrane-bound transcription factorsite-1 MBTPS1 protease Q14766 Latent-transforming growth factorbeta-binding LTBP1 protein 1 Q14767 Latent-transforming growth factorbeta-binding LTBP2 protein 2 Q14773 Intercellular adhesion molecule 4ICAM4 Q14993 Collagen alpha-1(XIX) chain COL19A1 Q14CN2Calcium-activated chloride channel regulator 4, CLCA4 110 kDa formQ15046 Lysine--tRNA ligase KARS Q15063 Periostin POSTN Q15109 Advancedglycosylation end product-specific AGER receptor Q15113 ProcollagenC-endopeptidase enhancer 1 PCOLCE Q15166 Serum paraoxonase/lactonase 3PON3 Q15195 Plasminogen-like protein A PLGLA Q15198 Platelet-derivedgrowth factor receptor-like protein PDGFRL Q15223 Poliovirusreceptor-related protein 1 PVRL1 Q15238 Pregnancy-specificbeta-1-glycoprotein 5 PSG5 Q15363 Transmembrane emp24 domain-containingprotein 2 TMED2 Q15375 Ephrin type-A receptor 7 EPHA7 Q15389Angiopoietin-1 ANGPT1 Q15465 Sonic hedgehog protein SHH Q15485 Ficolin-2FCN2 Q15517 Corneodesmosin CDSN Q15582 Transforming growthfactor-beta-induced protein TGFBI ig-h3 Q15661 Tryptase alpha/beta-1TPSAB1 Q15726 Metastin KISS1 Q15782 Chitinase-3-like protein 2 CHI3L2Q15828 Cystatin-M CST6 Q15846 Clusterin-like protein 1 CLUL1 Q15848Adiponectin ADIPOQ Q16206 Protein disulfide-thiol oxidoreductase ENOX2Q16270 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 IGFBP7 Q16363Laminin subunit alpha-4 LAMA4 Q16378 Proline-rich protein 4 PRR4 Q16557Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 3 PSG3 Q16568 CART(42-89) CARTPTQ16610 Extracellular matrix protein 1 ECM1 Q16619 Cardiotrophin-1 CTF1Q16623 Syntaxin-1A STX1A Q16627 HCC-1(9-74) CCL14 Q16651 Prostasin lightchain PRSS8 Q16661 Guanylate cyclase C-activating peptide 2 GUCA2BQ16663 CCL15(29-92) CCL15 Q16674 Melanoma-derived growth regulatoryprotein MIA Q16769 Glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase QPCT Q16787Laminin subunit alpha-3 LAMA3 Q16842CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide- ST3GAL2alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 2 Q17RR3 Pancreatic lipase-related protein 3PNLIPRP3 Q17RW2 Collagen alpha-1(XXIV) chain COL24A1 Q17RY6 Lymphocyteantigen 6K LY6K Q1L6U9 Prostate-associated microseminoprotein MSMPQ1W4C9 Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 13 SPINK13 Q1ZYL8 Izumosperm-egg fusion protein 4 IZUMO4 Q29960 HLA class I histocompatibilityantigen, Cw-16 HLA-C alpha chain Q2I0M5 R-spondin-4 RSPO4 Q2L4Q9 Serineprotease 53 PRSS53 Q2MKA7 R-spondin-1 RSPO1 Q2MV58 Tectonic-1 TCTN1Q2TAL6 Brorin VWC2 Q2UY09 Collagen alpha-1(XXVIII) chain COL28A1 Q2VPA4Complement component receptor 1-like protein CR1L Q2WEN9Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion CEACAM16 molecule 16Q30KP8 Beta-defensin 136 DEFB136 Q30KP9 Beta-defensin 135 DEFB135 Q30KQ1Beta-defensin 133 DEFB133 Q30KQ2 Beta-defensin 130 DEFB130 Q30KQ4Beta-defensin 116 DEFB116 Q30KQ5 Beta-defensin 115 DEFB115 Q30KQ6Beta-defensin 114 DEFB114 Q30KQ7 Beta-defensin 113 DEFB113 Q30KQ8Beta-defensin 112 DEFB112 Q30KQ9 Beta-defensin 110 DEFB110 Q30KR1Beta-defensin 109 DEFB109P1 Q32P28 Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1 LEPRE1 Q3B7J2Glucose-fructose oxidoreductase domain- GFOD2 containing protein 2Q3SY79 Protein Wnt WNT3A Q3T906 N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferaseGNPTAB subunits alpha/beta Q495T6 Membrane metallo-endopeptidase-like 1MMEL1 Q49AH0 Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor CDNF Q4G0G5Secretoglobin family 2B member 2 SCGB2B2 Q4G0M1 Protein FAM132B FAM132BQ4LDE5 Sushi, von Willebrand factor type A, EGF and SVEP1 pentraxindomain-containing protein 1 Q4QY38 Beta-defensin 134 DEFB134 Q4VAJ4Protein Wnt WNT10B Q4W5P6 Protein TMEM155 TMEM155 Q4ZHG4 Fibronectintype III domain-containing protein 1 FNDC1 Q53H76 Phospholipase A1member A PLA1A Q53RD9 Fibulin-7 FBLN7 Q53S33 BolA-like protein 3 BOLA3Q5BLP8 Neuropeptide-like protein C4orf48 C4orf48 Q5DT21 Serine proteaseinhibitor Kazal-type 9 SPINK9 Q5EBL8 PDZ domain-containing protein 11PDZD11 Q5FYB0 Arylsulfatase J ARSJ Q5FYB1 Arylsulfatase I ARSI Q5GAN3Ribonuclease-like protein 13 RNASE13 Q5GAN4 Ribonuclease-like protein 12RNASE12 Q5GAN6 Ribonuclease-like protein 10 RNASE10 Q5GFL6 vonWillebrand factor A domain-containing VWA2 protein 2 Q5H8A3 Neuromedin-SNMS Q5H8C1 FRAS1-related extracellular matrix protein 1 FREM1 Q5IJ48Protein crumbs homolog 2 CRB2 Q5J5C9 Beta-defensin 121 DEFB121 Q5JS37NHL repeat-containing protein 3 NHLRC3 Q5JTB6 Placenta-specific protein9 PLAC9 Q5JU69 Torsin-2A TOR2A Q5JXM2 Methyltransferase-like protein 24METTL24 Q5JZY3 Ephrin type-A receptor 10 EPHA10 Q5K4E3 Polyserase-2PRSS36 Q5SRR4 Lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus protein G5c LY6G5CQ5T1H1 Protein eyes shut homolog EYS Q5T4F7 Secreted frizzled-relatedprotein 5 SFRP5 Q5T4W7 Artemin ARTN Q5T7M4 Protein FAM132A FAM132AQ5TEH8 Protein Wnt WNT2B Q5TIE3 von Willebrand factor Adomain-containing VWA5B1 protein 5B1 Q5UCC4 ER membrane protein complexsubunit 10 EMC10 Q5VST6 Abhydrolase domain-containing protein FAM108B1FAM108B1 Q5VTL7 Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 7 FNDC7Q5VUM1 UPF0369 protein C6orf57 C6orf57 Q5VV43 Dyslexia-associatedprotein KIAA0319 KIAA0319 Q5VWW1 Complement C1q-like protein 3 C1QL3Q5VXI9 Lipase member N LIPN Q5VXJ0 Lipase member K LIPK Q5VXM1 CUBdomain-containing protein 2 CDCP2 Q5VYX0 Renalase RNLS Q5VYY2 Lipasemember M LIPM Q5W186 Cystatin-9 CST9 Q5W5W9 Regulated endocrine-specificprotein 18 RESP18 Q5XG92 Carboxylesterase 4A CES4A Q63HQ2 PikachurinEGFLAM Q641Q3 Meteorin-like protein METRNL Q66K79 Carboxypeptidase Z CPZQ685J3 Mucin-17 MUC17 Q68BL7 Olfactomedin-like protein 2A OLFML2A Q68BL8Olfactomedin-like protein 2B OLFML2B Q68DV7 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligaseRNF43 RNF43 Q6B9Z1 Insulin growth factor-like family member 4 IGFL4Q6BAA4 Fc receptor-like B FCRLB Q6E0U4 Dermokine DMKN Q6EMK4 VasorinVASN Q6FHJ7 Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 SFRP4 Q6GPI1Chymotrypsin B2 chain B CTRB2 Q6GTS8 Probable Carboxypeptidase PM20D1PM20D1 Q6H9L7 Isthmin-2 ISM2 Q6IE36 Ovostatin homolog 2 OVOS2 Q6IE37Ovostatin homolog 1 OVOS1 Q6IE38 Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 14SPINK14 Q6ISS4 Leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like LAIR2 receptor 2Q6JVE5 Epididymal-specific lipocalin-12 LCN12 Q6JVE6 Epididymal-specificlipocalin-10 LCN10 Q6JVE9 Epididymal-specific lipocalin-8 LCN8 Q6KF10Growth/differentiation factor 6 GDF6 Q6MZW2 Follistatin-related protein4 FSTL4 Q6NSX1 Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 70 CCDC70 Q6NT32Carboxylesterase 5A CES5A Q6NT52 Choriogonadotropin subunit beta variant2 CGB2 Q6NUI6 Chondroactherin-like protein CHADL Q6NUJ1 Saposin A-likePSAPL1 Q6P093 Arylacetamide deacetylase-like 2 AADACL2 Q6P4A8Phospholipase B-like 1 PLBD1 Q6P5S2 UPF0762 protein C6orf58 C6orf58Q6P988 Protein notum homolog NOTUM Q6PCB0 von Willebrand factor Adomain-containing VWA1 protein 1 Q6PDA7 Sperm-associated antigen 11ASPAG11A Q6PEW0 Inactive serine protease 54 PRSS54 Q6PEZ8 Podocan-likeprotein 1 PODNL1 Q6PKH6 Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 4-DHRS4L2 like 2 Q6Q788 Apolipoprotein A-V APOA5 Q6SPF0 Atherin SAMD1Q6UDR6 Kunitz-type protease inhibitor 4 SPINT4 Q6URK8 Testis, prostateand placenta-expressed protein TEPP Q6UW01 Cerebellin-3 CBLN3 Q6UW10Surfactant-associated protein 2 SFTA2 Q6UW15 Regenerating islet-derivedprotein 3-gamma REG3G Q6UW32 Insulin growth factor-like family member 1IGFL1 Q6UW78 UPF0723 protein C11orf83 C11orf83 Q6UW88 Epigen EPGN Q6UWE3Colipase-like protein 2 CLPSL2 Q6UWF7 NXPE family member 4 NXPE4 Q6UWF9Protein FAM180A FAM180A Q6UWM5 GLIPR1-like protein 1 GLIPR1L1 Q6UWN8Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 6 SPINK6 Q6UWP2Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 11 DHRS11 Q6UWP8 SuprabasinSBSN Q6UWQ5 Lysozyme-like protein 1 LYZL1 Q6UWQ7 Insulin growthfactor-like family member 2 IGFL2 Q6UWR7 Ectonucleotide ENPP6pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 6 soluble form Q6UWT2Adropin ENHO Q6UWU2 Beta-galactosidase-1-like protein GLB1L Q6UWW0Lipocalin-15 LCN15 Q6UWX4 HHIP-like protein 2 HHIPL2 Q6UWY0Arylsulfatase K ARSK Q6UWY2 Serine protease 57 PRSS57 Q6UWY5Olfactomedin-like protein 1 OLFML1 Q6UX06 Olfactomedin-4 OLFM4 Q6UX07Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 13 DHRS13 Q6UX39 Amelotin AMTNQ6UX46 Protein FAM150B FAM150B Q6UX73 UPF0764 protein C16orf89 C16orf89Q6UXB0 Protein FAM131A FAM131A Q6UXB1 Insulin growth factor-like familymember 3 IGFL3 Q6UXB2 VEGF co-regulated chemokine 1 CXCL17 Q6UXF7 C-typelectin domain family 18 member B CLEC18B Q6UXH0 Hepatocellularcarcinoma-associated protein TD26 C19orf80 Q6UXH1 Cysteine-rich withEGF-like domain protein 2 CRELD2 Q6UXH8 Collagen and calcium-binding EGFdomain- CCBE1 containing protein 1 Q6UXH9 Inactive serine protease PAMR1PAMR1 Q6UXI7 Vitrin VIT Q6UXI9 Nephronectin NPNT Q6UXN2 Trem-liketranscript 4 protein TREML4 Q6UXS0 C-type lectin domain family 19 memberA CLEC19A Q6UXT8 Protein FAM150A FAM150A Q6UXT9 Abhydrolasedomain-containing protein 15 ABHD15 Q6UXV4 Apolipoprotein O-like APOOLQ6UXX5 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H6 ITIH6 Q6UXX9R-spondin-2 RSPO2 Q6UY14 ADAMTS-like protein 4 ADAMTSL4 Q6UY27 Prostateand testis expressed protein 2 PATE2 Q6W4X9 Mucin-6 MUC6 Q6WN34Chordin-like protein 2 CHRDL2 Q6WRI0 Immunoglobulin superfamily member10 IGSF10 Q6X4U4 Sclerostin domain-containing protein 1 SOSTDC1 Q6X784Zona pellucida-binding protein 2 ZPBP2 Q6XE38 Secretoglobin family 1Dmember 4 SCGB1D4 Q6XPR3 Repetin RPTN Q6XZB0 Lipase member I LIPI Q6ZMM2ADAMTS-like protein 5 ADAMTSL5 Q6ZMP0 Thrombospondin type-1domain-containing THSD4 protein 4 Q6ZNF0 Iron/zinc purple acidphosphatase-like protein PAPL Q6ZRI0 Otogelin OTOG Q6ZRP7 Sulfhydryloxidase 2 QSOX2 Q6ZWJ8 Kielin/chordin-like protein KCP Q75N90Fibrillin-3 FBN3 Q765I0 Urotensin-2B UTS2D Q76B58 Protein FAM5C FAM5CQ76LX8 A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with ADAMTS13 thrombospondinmotifs 13 Q76M96 Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 80 CCDC80 Q7L1S5Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 9 CHST9 Q7L513 Fc receptor-like A FCRLAQ7L8A9 Vasohibin-1 VASH1 Q7RTM1 Otopetrin-1 OTOP1 Q7RTW8 Otoancorin OTOAQ7RTY5 Serine protease 48 PRSS48 Q7RTY7 Ovochymase-1 OVCH1 Q7RTZ1Ovochymase-2 OVCH2 Q7Z304 MAM domain-containing protein 2 MAMDC2 Q7Z3S9Notch homolog 2 N-terminal-like protein NOTCH2NL Q7Z4H4 Intermedin-shortADM2 Q7Z4P5 Growth/differentiation factor 7 GDF7 Q7Z4R8 UPF0669 proteinC6orf120 C6orf120 Q7Z4W2 Lysozyme-like protein 2 LYZL2 Q7Z5A4 Serineprotease 42 PRSS42 Q7Z5A7 Protein FAM19A5 FAM19A5 Q7Z5A8 Protein FAM19A3FAM19A3 Q7Z5A9 Protein FAM19A1 FAM19A1 Q7Z5J1 Hydroxysteroid1-beta-dehydrogenase 1-like HSD11B1L protein Q7Z5L0 Vitelline membraneouter layer protein 1 homolog VMO1 Q7Z5L3 Complement C1q-like protein 2C1QL2 Q7Z5L7 Podocan PODN Q7Z5P4 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 13HSD17B13 Q7Z5P9 Mucin-19 MUC19 Q7Z5Y6 Bone morphogenetic protein 8ABMP8A Q7Z7B7 Beta-defensin 132 DEFB132 Q7Z7B8 Beta-defensin 128 DEFB128Q7Z7C8 Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 8 TAF8 Q7Z7H5Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 4 TMED4 Q86SG7 Lysozymeg-like protein 2 LYG2 Q86SI9 Protein CEI C5orf38 Q86TE4 Leucine zipperprotein 2 LUZP2 Q86TH1 ADAMTS-like protein 2 ADAMTSL2 Q86U17 Serpin A11SERPINA11 Q86UU9 Endokinin-A TAC4 Q86UW8 Hyaluronan and proteoglycanlink protein 4 HAPLN4 Q86UX2 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chainH5 ITIH5 Q86V24 Adiponectin receptor protein 2 ADIPOR2 Q86VB7 Soluble CD163 CD163 Q86VR8 Four-jointed box protein 1 FJX1 Q86WD7 Serpin A9SERPINA9 Q86WN2 Interferon epsilon IFNE Q86WS3 Placenta-specific 1-likeprotein PLAC1L Q86X52 Chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 CHSY1 Q86XP6Gastrokine-2 GKN2 Q86XS5 Angiopoietin-related protein 5 ANGPTL5 Q86Y27 Bmelanoma antigen 5 BAGE5 Q86Y28 B melanoma antigen 4 BAGE4 Q86Y29 Bmelanoma antigen 3 BAGE3 Q86Y30 B melanoma antigen 2 BAGE2 Q86Y38Xylosyltransferase 1 XYLT1 Q86Y78 Ly6/PLAUR domain-containing protein 6LYPD6 Q86YD3 Transmembrane protein 25 TMEM25 Q86YJ6 Threoninesynthase-like 2 THNSL2 Q86YW7 Glycoprotein hormone beta-5 GPHB5 Q86Z23Complement C1q-like protein 4 C1QL4 Q8IU57 Interleukin-28 receptorsubunit alpha IL28RA Q8IUA0 WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 8WFDC8 Q8IUB2 WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 3 WFDC3 Q8IUB3Protein WFDC10B WFDC10B Q8IUB5 WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 13WFDC13 Q8IUH2 Protein CREG2 CREG2 Q8IUK5 Plexin domain-containingprotein 1 PLXDC1 Q8IUL8 Cartilage intermediate layer protein 2 C2 CILP2Q8IUX7 Adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1 AEBP1 Q8IUX8 Epidermalgrowth factor-like protein 6 EGFL6 Q8IVL8 Carboxypeptidase O CPO Q8IVN8Somatomedin-B and thrombospondin type-1 SBSPON domain-containing proteinQ8IVW8 Protein spinster homolog 2 SPNS2 Q8IW75 Serpin A12 SERPINA12Q8IW92 Beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 GLB1L2 Q8IWL1 Pulmonarysurfactant-associated protein A2 SFTPA2 Q8IWL2 Pulmonarysurfactant-associated protein A1 SFTPA1 Q8IWV2 Contactin-4 CNTN4 Q8IWY4Signal peptide, CUB and EGF-like domain- SCUBE1 containing protein 1Q8IX30 Signal peptide, CUB and EGF-like domain- SCUBE3 containingprotein 3 Q8IXA5 Sperm acrosome membrane-associated protein 3, SPACA3membrane form Q8IXB1 DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 10 DNAJC10 Q8IXL6Extracellular serine/threonine protein kinase FAM20C Fam20C Q8IYD9 Lungadenoma susceptibility protein 2 LAS2 Q8IYP2 Serine protease 58 PRSS58Q8IYS5 Osteoclast-associated immunoglobulin-like OSCAR receptor Q8IZC6Collagen alpha-1(XXVII) chain COL27A1 Q8IZJ3 C3 and PZP-likealpha-2-macroglobulin domain- CPAMD8 containing protein 8 Q8IZN7Beta-defensin 107 DEFB107B Q8N0V4 Leucine-rich repeat LGI family member2 LGI2 Q8N104 Beta-defensin 106 DEFB106B Q8N119 Matrixmetalloproteinase-21 MMP21 Q8N129 Protein canopy homolog 4 CNPY4 Q8N135Leucine-rich repeat LGI family member 4 LGI4 Q8N145 Leucine-rich repeatLGI family member 3 LGI3 Q8N158 Glypican-2 GPC2 Q8N1E2 Lysozyme g-likeprotein 1 LYG1 Q8N2E2 von Willebrand factor D and EGF domain- VWDEcontaining protein Q8N2E6 Prosalusin TOR2A Q8N2S1 Latent-transforminggrowth factor beta-binding LTBP4 protein 4 Q8N302 Angiogenic factor withG patch and FHA domains 1 AGGF1 Q8N307 Mucin-20 MUC20 Q8N323 NXPE familymember 1 NXPE1 Q8N387 Mucin-15 MUC15 Q8N3Z0 Inactive serine protease 35PRSS35 Q8N436 Inactive carboxypeptidase-like protein X2 CPXM2 Q8N474Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 SFRP1 Q8N475 Follistatin-relatedprotein 5 FSTL5 Q8N4F0 BPI fold-containing family B member 2 BPIFB2Q8N4T0 Carboxypeptidase A6 CPA6 Q8N5W8 Protein FAM24B FAM24B Q8N687Beta-defensin 125 DEFB125 Q8N688 Beta-defensin 123 DEFB123 Q8N690Beta-defensin 119 DEFB119 Q8N6C5 Immunoglobulin superfamily member 1IGSF1 Q8N6C8 Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor LILRA3 subfamily Amember 3 Q8N6G6 ADAMTS-like protein 1 ADAMTSL1 Q8N6Y2 Leucine-richrepeat-containing protein 17 LRRC17 Q8N729 Neuropeptide W-23 NPW Q8N8U9BMP-binding endothelial regulator protein BMPER Q8N907 DAN domain familymember 5 DAND5 Q8NAT1 Glycosyltransferase-like domain-containing GTDC2protein 2 Q8NAU1 Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 FNDC5Q8NB37 Parkinson disease 7 domain-containing protein 1 PDDC1 Q8NBI3Draxin DRAXIN Q8NBM8 Prenylcysteine oxidase-like PCYOX1L Q8NBP7Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 PCSK9 Q8NBQ5 Estradiol17-beta-dehydrogenase 11 HSD17B11 Q8NBV8 Synaptotagmin-8 SYT8 Q8NCC3Group XV phospholipase A2 PLA2G15 Q8NCF0 C-type lectin domain family 18member C CLEC18C Q8NCW5 NAD(P)H-hydrate epimerase APOA1BP Q8NDA2Hemicentin-2 HMCN2 Q8NDX9 Lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus protein G5bLY6G5B Q8NDZ4 Deleted in autism protein 1 C3orf58 Q8NEB7 Acrosin-bindingprotein ACRBP Q8NES8 Beta-defensin 124 DEFB124 Q8NET1 Beta-defensin 108BDEFB108B Q8NEX5 Protein WFDC9 WFDC9 Q8NEX6 Protein WFDC11 WFDC11 Q8NF86Serine protease 33 PRSS33 Q8NFM7 Interleukin-17 receptor D IL17RD Q8NFQ5BPI fold-containing family B member 6 BPIFB6 Q8NFQ6 BPI fold-containingfamily C protein BPIFC Q8NFU4 Follicular dendritic cell secreted peptideFDCSP Q8NFW1 Collagen alpha-1(XXII) chain COL22A1 Q8NG35 Beta-defensin105 DEFB105B Q8NG41 Neuropeptide B-23 NPB Q8NHW6 Otospiralin OTOS Q8NI99Angiopoietin-related protein 6 ANGPTL6 Q8TAA1 Probable ribonuclease 11RNASE11 Q8TAG5 V-set and transmembrane domain-containing VSTM2A protein2A Q8TAL6 Fin bud initiation factor homolog FIBIN Q8TAT2 Fibroblastgrowth factor-binding protein 3 FGFBP3 Q8TAX7 Mucin-7 MUC7 Q8TB22Spermatogenesis-associated protein 20 SPATA20 Q8TB73 Protein NDNF NDNFQ8TB96 T-cell immunomodulatory protein ITFG1 Q8TC92 Proteindisulfide-thiol oxidoreductase ENOX1 Q8TCV5 WAP four-disulfide coredomain protein 5 WFDC5 Q8TD06 Anterior gradient protein 3 homolog AGR3Q8TD33 Secretoglobin family 1C member 1 SCGB1C1 Q8TD46 Cell surfaceglycoprotein CD200 receptor 1 CD200R1 Q8TDE3 Ribonuclease 8 RNASE8Q8TDF5 Neuropilin and tolloid-like protein 1 NETO1 Q8TDL5 BPIfold-containing family B member 1 BPIFB1 Q8TE56 A disintegrin andmetalloproteinase with ADAMTS17 thrombospondin motifs 17 Q8TE57 Adisintegrin and metalloproteinase with ADAMTS16 thrombospondin motifs 16Q8TE58 A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with ADAMTS15 thrombospondinmotifs 15 Q8TE59 A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with ADAMTS19thrombospondin motifs 19 Q8TE60 A disintegrin and metalloproteinase withADAMTS18 thrombospondin motifs 18 Q8TE99 Acid phosphatase-like protein 2ACPL2 Q8TER0 Sushi, nidogen and EGF-like domain-containing SNED1 protein1 Q8TEU8 WAP, kazal, immunoglobulin, kunitz and NTR WFIKKN2domain-containing protein 2 Q8WTQ1 Beta-defensin 104 DEFB104B Q8WTR8Netrin-5 NTN5 Q8WTU2 Scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain- SRCRB4Dcontaining group B protein Q8WU66 Protein TSPEAR TSPEAR Q8WUA8 TsukushinTSKU Q8WUF8 Protein FAM172A FAM172A Q8WUJ1 Neuferricin CYB5D2 Q8WUY1UPF0670 protein THEM6 THEM6 Q8WVN6 Secreted and transmembrane protein 1SECTM1 Q8WVQ1 Soluble calcium-activated nucleotidase 1 CANT1 Q8WWA0Intelectin-1 ITLN1 Q8WWG1 Neuregulin-4 NRG4 Q8WWQ2 Inactive heparanase-2HPSE2 Q8WWU7 Intelectin-2 ITLN2 Q8WWY7 WAP four-disulfide core domainprotein 12 WFDC12 Q8WWY8 Lipase member H LIPH Q8WWZ8 Oncoprotein-inducedtranscript 3 protein OIT3 Q8WX39 Epididymal-specific lipocalin-9 LCN9Q8WXA2 Prostate and testis expressed protein 1 PATE1 Q8WXD2Secretogranin-3 SCG3 Q8WXF3 Relaxin-3 A chain RLN3 Q8WXI7 Mucin-16 MUC16Q8WXQ8 Carboxypeptidase A5 CPA5 Q8WXS8 A disintegrin andmetalloproteinase with ADAMTS14 thrombospondin motifs 14 Q92484 Acidsphingomyelinase-like phosphodiesterase 3a SMPDL3A Q92485 Acidsphingomyelinase-like phosphodiesterase 3b SMPDL3B Q92496 Complementfactor H-related protein 4 CFHR4 Q92520 Protein FAM3C FAM3C Q92563Testican-2 SPOCK2 Q92583 C-C motif chemokine 17 CCL17 Q92626 Peroxidasinhomolog PXDN Q92743 Serine protease HTRA1 HTRA1 Q92752 Tenascin-R TNRQ92765 Secreted frizzled-related protein 3 FRZB Q92819 Hyaluronansynthase 2 HAS2 Q92820 Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase GGH Q92824 Proproteinconvertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 PCSK5 Q92832 Protein kinase C-bindingprotein NELL1 NELL1 Q92838 Ectodysplasin-A, membrane form EDA Q92874Deoxyribonuclease-1-like 2 DNASE1L2 Q92876 Kallikrein-6 KLK6 Q92913Fibroblast growth factor 13 FGF13 Q92954 Proteoglycan 4 C-terminal partPRG4 Q93038 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily TNFRSF25 member25 Q93091 Ribonuclease K6 RNASE6 Q93097 Protein Wnt-2b WNT2B Q93098Protein Wnt-8b WNT8B Q95460 Major histocompatibility complex classI-related MR1 gene protein Q969D9 Thymic stromal lymphopoietin TSLPQ969E1 Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 LEAP2 Q969H8 UPF0556protein C19orf10 C19orf10 Q969Y0 NXPE family member 3 NXPE3 Q96A54Adiponectin receptor protein 1 ADIPOR1 Q96A83 Collagen alpha-1(XXVI)chain EMID2 Q96A84 EMI domain-containing protein 1 EMID1 Q96A98Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues PTH2 Q96A99 Pentraxin-4 PTX4Q96BH3 Epididymal sperm-binding protein 1 ELSPBP1 Q96BQ1 Protein FAM3DFAM3D Q96CG8 Collagen triple helix repeat-containing protein 1 CTHRC1Q96DA0 Zymogen granule protein 16 homolog B ZG16B Q96DN2 von Willebrandfactor C and EGF domain- VWCE containing protein Q96DR5 BPIfold-containing family A member 2 BPIFA2 Q96DR8 Mucin-like protein 1MUCL1 Q96DX4 RING finger and SPRY domain-containing protein 1 RSPRY1Q96EE4 Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 126 CCDC126 Q96GS6Abhydrolase domain-containing protein FAM108A1 FAM108A1 Q96GW7 Brevicancore protein BCAN Q96HF1 Secreted frizzled-related protein 2 SFRP2Q96I82 Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor domain- KAZALD1 containingprotein 1 Q96ID5 Immunoglobulin superfamily member 21 IGSF21 Q96II8Leucine-rich repeat and calponin homology LRCH3 domain-containingprotein 3 Q96IY4 Carboxypeptidase B2 CPB2 Q96JB6 Lysyl oxidase homolog 4LOXL4 Q96JK4 HHIP-like protein 1 HHIPL1 Q96KN2 Beta-Ala-His dipeptidaseCNDP1 Q96KW9 Protein SPACA7 SPACA7 Q96KX0 Lysozyme-like protein 4 LYZL4Q96L15 Ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 5 ART5 Q96LB8 Peptidoglycanrecognition protein 4 PGLYRP4 Q96LB9 Peptidoglycan recognition protein 3PGLYRP3 Q96LC7 Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 10 SIGLEC10 Q96LR4Protein FAM19A4 FAM19A4 Q96MK3 Protein FAM20A FAM20A Q96MS3Glycosyltransferase 1 domain-containing protein 1 GLT1D1 Q96NY8Processed poliovirus receptor-related protein 4 PVRL4 Q96NZ8 WAP, kazal,immunoglobulin, kunitz and NTR WFIKKN1 domain-containing protein 1Q96NZ9 Proline-rich acidic protein 1 PRAP1 Q96P44 Collagen alpha-1(XXI)chain COL21A1 Q96PB7 Noelin-3 OLFM3 Q96PC5 Melanoma inhibitory activityprotein 2 MIA2 Q96PD5 N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase PGLYRP2 Q96PH6Beta-defensin 118 DEFB118 Q96PL1 Secretoglobin family 3A member 2SCGB3A2 Q96PL2 Beta-tectorin TECTB Q96QH8 Sperm acrosome-associatedprotein 5 SPACA5 Q96QR1 Secretoglobin family 3A member 1 SCGB3A1 Q96QU1Protocadherin-15 PCDH15 Q96QV1 Hedgehog-interacting protein HHIP Q96RW7Hemicentin-1 HMCN1 Q96S42 Nodal homolog NODAL Q96S86 Hyaluronan andproteoglycan link protein 3 HAPLN3 Q96SL4 Glutathione peroxidase 7 GPX7Q96SM3 Probable carboxypeptidase X1 CPXM1 Q96T91 Glycoprotein hormonealpha-2 GPHA2 Q99062 Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptorCSF3R Q99102 Mucin-4 alpha chain MUC4 Q99217 Amelogenin, X isoform AMELXQ99218 Amelogenin, Y isoform AMELY Q99435 Protein kinase C-bindingprotein NELL2 NELL2 Q99470 Stromal cell-derived factor 2 SDF2 Q99542Matrix metalloproteinase-19 MMP19 Q99574 Neuroserpin SERPINI1 Q99584Protein S100-A13 S100A13 Q99616 C-C motif chemokine 13 CCL13 Q99645Epiphycan EPYC Q99674 Cell growth regulator with EF hand domain CGREF1protein 1 Q99715 Collagen alpha-1(XII) chain COL12A1 Q99727Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 TIMP4 Q99731 C-C motif chemokine 19 CCL19Q99748 Neurturin NRTN Q99935 Proline-rich protein 1 PROL1 Q99942 E3ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF5 RNF5 Q99944 Epidermal growth factor-likeprotein 8 EGFL8 Q99954 Submaxillary gland androgen-regulated protein 3ASMR3A Q99969 Retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2 RARRES2 Q99972Myocilin MYOC Q99983 Osteomodulin OMD Q99985 Semaphorin-3C SEMA3C Q99988Growth/differentiation factor 15 GDF15 Q9BPW4 Apolipoprotein L4 APOL4Q9BQ08 Resistin-like beta RETNLB Q9BQ16 Testican-3 SPOCK3 Q9BQ51Programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 PDCD1LG2 Q9BQB4 Sclerostin SOST Q9BQI4Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 3 CCDC3 Q9BQP9 BPI fold-containingfamily A member 3 BPIFA3 Q9BQR3 Serine protease 27 PRSS27 Q9BQY6 WAPfour-disulfide core domain protein 6 WFDC6 Q9BRR6 ADP-dependentglucokinase ADPGK Q9BS86 Zona pellucida-binding protein 1 ZPBP Q9BSG0Protease-associated domain-containing protein 1 PRADC1 Q9BSG5 RetbindinRTBDN Q9BT30 Probable alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent ALKBH7 dioxygenaseABH7 Q9BT56 Spexin C12orG9 Q9BT67 NEDD4 family-interacting protein 1NDFIP1 Q9BTY2 Plasma alpha-L-fucosidase FUCA2 Q9BU40 Chordin-likeprotein 1 CHRDL1 Q9BUD6 Spondin-2 SPON2 Q9BUN1 Protein MENT MENT Q9BUR5Apolipoprotein O APOO Q9BV94 ER degradation-enhancingalpha-mannosidase-like 2 EDEM2 Q9BWP8 Collectin-11 COLEC11 Q9BWS9Chitinase domain-containing protein 1 CHID1 Q9BX67 Junctional adhesionmolecule C JAM3 Q9BX93 Group XIIB secretory phospholipase A2-likePLA2G12B protein Q9BXI9 Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-relatedC1QTNF6 protein 6 Q9BXJ0 Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-relatedC1QTNF5 protein 5 Q9BXJ1 Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-relatedC1QTNF1 protein 1 Q9BXJ2 Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-relatedC1QTNF7 protein 7 Q9BXJ3 Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-relatedC1QTNF4 protein 4 Q9BXJ4 Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-relatedC1QTNF3 protein 3 Q9BXJ5 Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-relatedC1QTNF2 protein 2 Q9BXN1 Asporin ASPN Q9BXP8 Pappalysin-2 PAPPA2 Q9BXR6Complement factor H-related protein 5 CFHR5 Q9BXS0 Collagen alpha-1(XXV)chain COL25A1 Q9BXX0 EMILIN-2 EMILIN2 Q9BXY4 R-spondin-3 RSPO3 Q9BY15EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone EMR3 receptor-like 3subunit beta Q9BY50 Signal peptidase complex catalytic subunit SEC11CSEC11C Q9BY76 Angiopoietin-related protein 4 ANGPTL4 Q9BYF1 Processedangiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ACE2 Q9BYJ0 Fibroblast growthfactor-binding protein 2 FGFBP2 Q9BYW3 Beta-defensin 126 DEFB126 Q9BYX4Interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing IFIH1 protein 1 Q9BYZ8Regenerating islet-derived protein 4 REG4 Q9BZ76 Contactin-associatedprotein-like 3 CNTNAP3 Q9BZG9 Ly-6/neurotoxin-like protein 1 LYNX1Q9BZJ3 Tryptase delta TPSD1 Q9BZM1 Group XIIA secretory phospholipase A2PLA2G12A Q9BZM2 Group IIF secretory phospholipase A2 PLA2G2F Q9BZM5NKG2D ligand 2 ULBP2 Q9BZP6 Acidic mammalian chitinase CHIA Q9BZZ2Sialoadhesin SIGLEC1 Q9C0B6 Protein FAM5B FAM5B Q9GZM7Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen-like TINAGL1 Q9GZN4 Brain-specificserine protease 4 PRSS22 Q9GZP0 Platelet-derived growth factor D,receptor-binding PDGFD form Q9GZT5 Protein Wnt-10a WNT10A Q9GZU5Nyctalopin NYX Q9GZV7 Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 2 HAPLN2Q9GZV9 Fibroblast growth factor 23 FGF23 Q9GZX9 Twisted gastrulationprotein homolog 1 TWSG1 Q9GZZ7 GDNF family receptor alpha-4 GFRA4 Q9GZZ8Extracellular glycoprotein lacritin LACRT Q9H0B8 Cysteine-rich secretoryprotein LCCL domain- CRISPLD2 containing 2 Q9H106 Signal-regulatoryprotein delta SIRPD Q9H114 Cystatin-like 1 CSTL1 Q9H173 Nucleotideexchange factor SIL1 SIL1 Q9H1E1 Ribonuclease 7 RNASE7 Q9H1F0 WAPfour-disulfide core domain protein 10A WFDC10A Q9H1J5 Protein Wnt-8aWNT8A Q9H1J7 Protein Wnt-5b WNT5B Q9H1M3 Beta-defensin 129 DEFB129Q9H1M4 Beta-defensin 127 DEFB127 Q9H1Z8 Augurin C2orf40 Q9H239 Matrixmetalloproteinase-28 MMP28 Q9H2A7 C-X-C motif chemokine 16 CXCL16 Q9H2A9Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 8 CHST8 Q9H2R5 Kallikrein-15 KLK15 Q9H2X0Chordin CHRD Q9H2X3 C-type lectin domain family 4 member M CLEC4M Q9H306Matrix metalloproteinase-27 MMP27 Q9H324 A disintegrin andmetalloproteinase with ADAMTS10 thrombospondin motifs 10 Q9H336Cysteine-rich secretory protein LCCL domain- CRISPLD1 containing 1Q9H3E2 Sorting nexin-25 SNX25 Q9H3R2 Mucin-13 MUC13 Q9H3U7 SPARC-relatedmodular calcium-binding protein 2 SMOC2 Q9H3Y0 Peptidase inhibitorR3HDML R3HDML Q9H4A4 Aminopeptidase B RNPEP Q9H4F8 SPARC-related modularcalcium-binding protein 1 SMOC1 Q9H4G1 Cystatin-9-like CST9L Q9H5V8 CUBdomain-containing protein 1 CDCP1 Q9H6B9 Epoxide hydrolase 3 EPHX3Q9H6E4 Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 134 CCDC134 Q9H741 UPF0454protein C12orf49 C12orf49 Q9H772 Gremlin-2 GREM2 Q9H7Y0 Deleted inautism-related protein 1 CXorf36 Q9H8L6 Multimerin-2 MMRN2 Q9H9S5Fukutin-related protein FKRP Q9HAT2 Sialate O-acetylesterase SIAE Q9HB40Retinoid-inducible serine carboxypeptidase SCPEP1 Q9HB63 Netrin-4 NTN4Q9HBJ0 Placenta-specific protein 1 PLAC1 Q9HC23 Prokineticin-2 PROK2Q9HC57 WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 1 WFDC1 Q9HC73 Cytokinereceptor-like factor 2 CRLF2 Q9HC84 Mucin-5B MUC5B Q9HCB6 Spondin-1SPON1 Q9HCQ7 Neuropeptide NPSF NPVF Q9HCT0 Fibroblast growth factor 22FGF22 Q9HD89 Resistin RETN Q9NNX1 Tuftelin TUFT1 Q9NNX6 CD209 antigenCD209 Q9NP55 BPI fold-containing family A member 1 BPIFA1 Q9NP70Ameloblastin AMBN Q9NP95 Fibroblast growth factor 20 FGF20 Q9NP99Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 TREM1 Q9NPA2 Matrixmetalloproteinase-25 MMP25 Q9NPE2 Neugrin NGRN Q9NPH0 Lysophosphatidicacid phosphatase type 6 ACP6 Q9NPH6 Odorant-binding protein 2b OBP2BQ9NQ30 Endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 ESM1 Q9NQ36 Signal peptide,CUB and EGF-like domain- SCUBE2 containing protein 2 Q9NQ38 Serineprotease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 SPINK5 Q9NQ76 Matrix extracellularphosphoglycoprotein MEPE Q9NQ79 Cartilage acidic protein 1 CRTAC1 Q9NR16Scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein CD163L1 M160 Q9NR23Growth/differentiation factor 3 GDF3 Q9NR71 Neutral ceramidase ASAH2Q9NR99 Matrix-remodeling-associated protein 5 MXRA5 Q9NRA1Platelet-derived growth factor C PDGFC Q9NRC9 Otoraplin OTOR Q9NRE1Matrix metalloproteinase-26 MMP26 Q9NRJ3 C-C motif chemokine 28 CCL28Q9NRM1 Enamelin ENAM Q9NRN5 Olfactomedin-like protein 3 OLFML3 Q9NRR1Cytokine-like protein 1 CYTL1 Q9NS15 Latent-transforming growth factorbeta-binding LTBP3 protein 3 Q9NS62 Thrombospondin type-1domain-containing THSD1 protein 1 Q9NS71 Gastrokine-1 GKN1 Q9NS98Semaphorin-3G SEMA3G Q9NSA1 Fibroblast growth factor 21 FGF21 Q9NT22EMILIN-3 EMILIN3 Q9NTU7 Cerebellin-4 CBLN4 Q9NVR0 Kelch-like protein 11KLHL11 Q9NWH7 Spermatogenesis-associated protein 6 SPATA6 Q9NXC2Glucose-fructose oxidoreductase domain- GFOD1 containing protein 1Q9NY56 Odorant-binding protein 2a OBP2A Q9NY84 Vascular non-inflammatorymolecule 3 VNN3 Q9NZ20 Group 3 secretory phospholipase A2 PLA2G3 Q9NZC2Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 TREM2 Q9NZK5 Adenosinedeaminase CECR1 CECR1 Q9NZK7 Group IIE secretory phospholipase A2PLA2G2E Q9NZP8 Complement C1r subcomponent-like protein C1RL Q9NZV1Cysteine-rich motor neuron 1 protein CRIM1 Q9NZW4 Dentin sialoproteinDSPP Q9P0G3 Kallikrein-14 KLK14 Q9P0W0 Interferon kappa IFNK Q9P218Collagen alpha-1(XX) chain COL20A1 Q9P2C4 Transmembrane protein 181TMEM181 Q9P2K2 Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 16 TXNDC16 Q9P2N4 Adisintegrin and metalloproteinase with ADAMTS9 thrombospondin motifs 9Q9UBC7 Galanin-like peptide GALP Q9UBD3 Cytokine SCM-1 beta XCL2 Q9UBD9Cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 CLCF1 Q9UBM4 Opticin OPTC Q9UBP4Dickkopf-related protein 3 DKK3 Q9UBQ6 Exostosin-like 2 EXTL2 Q9UBR5Chemokine-like factor CKLF Q9UBS5 Gamma-aminobutyric acid type Breceptor subunit GABBR1 1 Q9UBT3 Dickkopf-related protein 4 short formDKK4 Q9UBU2 Dickkopf-related protein 2 DKK2 Q9UBU3 Ghrelin-28 GHRLQ9UBV4 Protein Wnt-16 WNT16 Q9UBX5 Fibulin-5 FBLN5 Q9UBX7 Kallikrein-11KLK11 Q9UEF7 Klotho KL Q9UFP1 Protein FAM198A FAM198A Q9UGM3 Deleted inmalignant brain tumors 1 protein DMBT1 Q9UGM5 Fetuin-B FETUB Q9UGP8Translocation protein SEC63 homolog SEC63 Q9UHF0 Neurokinin-B TAC3Q9UHF1 Epidermal growth factor-like protein 7 EGFL7 Q9UHG2 ProSAASPCSK1N Q9UHI8 A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with ADAMTS1thrombospondin motifs 1 Q9UHL4 Dipeptidyl peptidase 2 DPP7 Q9UI42Carboxypeptidase A4 CPA4 Q9UIG4 Psoriasis susceptibility 1 candidategene 2 protein PSORS1C2 Q9UIK5 Tomoregulin-2 TMEFF2 Q9UIQ6Leucyl-cystinyl aminopeptidase, pregnancy serum LNPEP form Q9UJA9Ectonucleotide ENPP5 pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 5Q9UJH8 Meteorin METRN Q9UJJ9 N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferaseGNPTG subunit gamma Q9UJW2 Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen TINAGQ9UK05 Growth/differentiation factor 2 GDF2 Q9UK55 Protein Z-dependentprotease inhibitor SERPINA10 Q9UK85 Dickkopf-like protein 1 DKKL1 Q9UKJ1Paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor alpha PILRA Q9UKP4 Adisintegrin and metalloproteinase with ADAMTS7 thrombospondin motifs 7Q9UKP5 A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with ADAMTS6 thrombospondinmotifs 6 Q9UKQ2 Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain- ADAM28containing protein 28 Q9UKQ9 Kallikrein-9 KLK9 Q9UKR0 Kallikrein-12KLK12 Q9UKR3 Kallikrein-13 KLK13 Q9UKU9 Angiopoietin-related protein 2ANGPTL2 Q9UKZ9 Procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer 2 PCOLCE2 Q9UL52Transmembrane protease serine 11E non-catalytic TMPRSS11E chain Q9ULC0Endomucin EMCN Q9ULI3 Protein HEG homolog 1 HEG1 Q9ULZ1 Apelin-13 APLNQ9ULZ9 Matrix metalloproteinase-17 MMP17 Q9UM21Alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N- MGAT4Aacetylglucosaminyltransferase A soluble form Q9UM22 Mammalianependymin-related protein 1 EPDR1 Q9UM73 ALK tyrosine kinase receptorALK Q9UMD9 97 kDa linear IgA disease antigen COL17A1 Q9UMX5 NeudesinNENF Q9UN73 Protocadherin alpha-6 PCDHA6 Q9UNA0 A disintegrin andmetalloproteinase with ADAMTS5 thrombospondin motifs 5 Q9UNI1Chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 1 CELA1 Q9UNK4 Group IIDsecretory phospholipase A2 PLA2G2D Q9UP79 A disintegrin andmetalloproteinase with ADAMTS8 thrombospondin motifs 8 Q9UPZ6Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing THSD7A protein 7A Q9UQ72Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 11 PSG11 Q9UQ74Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 8 PSG8 Q9UQC9 Calcium-activatedchloride channel regulator 2 CLCA2 Q9UQE7 Structural maintenance ofchromosomes protein 3 SMC3 Q9UQP3 Tenascin-N TNN Q9Y223UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase GNE Q9Y240 C-type lectin domainfamily 11 member A CLEC11A Q9Y251 Heparanase 8 kDa subunit HPSE Q9Y258C-C motif chemokine 26 CCL26 Q9Y264 Angiopoietin-4 ANGPT4 Q9Y275 Tumornecrosis factor ligand superfamily member TNFSF13B 13b, membrane formQ9Y287 BRI2 intracellular domain ITM2B Q9Y2E5 Epididymis-specificalpha-mannosidase MAN2B2 Q9Y334 von Willebrand factor Adomain-containing VWA7 protein 7 Q9Y337 Kallikrein-5 KLK5 Q9Y3B3Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 7 TMED7 Q9Y3E2 BolA-likeprotein 1 BOLA1 Q9Y426 C2 domain-containing protein 2 C2CD2 Q9Y4K0 Lysyloxidase homolog 2 LOXL2 Q9Y4X3 C-C motif chemokine 27 CCL27 Q9Y5C1Angiopoietin-related protein 3 ANGPTL3 Q9Y5I2 Protocadherin alpha-10PCDHA10 Q9Y5I3 Protocadherin alpha-1 PCDHA1 Q9Y5K2 Kallikrein-4 KLK4Q9Y5L2 Hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated protein HILPDA Q9Y5Q5Atrial natriuretic peptide-converting enzyme CORIN Q9Y5R2 Matrixmetalloproteinase-24 MMP24 Q9Y5U5 Tumor necrosis factor receptorsuperfamily TNFRSF18 member 18 Q9Y5W5 Wnt inhibitory factor 1 WIF1Q9Y5X9 Endothelial lipase LIPG Q9Y625 Secreted glypican-6 GPC6 Q9Y646Carboxypeptidase Q CPQ Q9Y6C2 EMILIN-1 EMILIN1 Q9Y6F9 Protein Wnt-6 WNT6Q9Y6I9 Testis-expressed sequence 264 protein TEX264 Q9Y6L7 Tolloid-likeprotein 2 TLL2 Q9Y6N3 Calcium-activated chloride channel regulatorCLCA3P family member 3 Q9Y6N6 Laminin subunit gamma-3 LAMC3 Q9Y6R7IgGFc-binding protein FCGBP Q9Y6Y9 Lymphocyte antigen 96 LY96 Q9Y6Z7Collectin-10 COLEC10

In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the inventionprovide for the delivery of one or more mRNAs encoding one or moreadditional exemplary proteins listed in Table 2; thus, compositions ofthe invention may comprise an mRNA encoding a protein listed in Table 2(or a homolog thereof) along with other components set out herein, andmethods of the invention may comprise preparing and/or administering acomposition comprising an mRNA encoding a protein chosen from theproteins listed in Table 2 (or a homolog thereof) along with othercomponents set out herein.

TABLE 2 Additional Exemplary Proteins Uniprot ID Protein Name Gene NameA6NGW2 Putative stereocilin-like protein STRCP1 A6NIE9 Putative serineprotease 29 PRSS29P A6NJ16 Putative V-set and immunoglobulin IGHV4OR15-8domain-containing-like protein IGHV4OR15-8 A6NJS3 Putative V-set andimmunoglobulin IGHV1OR21-1 domain-containing-like protein IGHV1OR21-1A6NMY6 Putative annexin A2-like protein ANXA2P2 A8MT79 Putativezinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein-like 1 A8MWS1 Putative killer cellimmunoglobulin-like KIR3DP1 receptor like protein KIR3DP1 A8MXU0Putative beta-defensin 108A DEFB108P1 C9JUS6 Putativeadrenomedullin-5-like protein ADM5 P0C7V7 Putative signal peptidasecomplex SEC11B catalytic subunit SEC11B P0C854 Putative cat eye syndromecritical region CECR9 protein 9 Q13046 Putative pregnancy-specificbeta-1- PSG7 glycoprotein 7 Q16609 Putative apolipoprotein(a)-likeprotein 2 LPAL2 Q2TV78 Putative macrophage-stimulating protein MST1P9MSTP9 Q5JQD4 Putative peptide YY-3 PYY3 Q5R387 Putative inactive groupIIC secretory PLA2G2C phospholipase A2 Q5VSP4 Putative lipocalin 1-likeprotein 1 LCN1P1 Q5W188 Putative cystatin-9-like protein CST9LP1 CST9LP1Q6UXR4 Putative serpin A13 SERPINA13P Q86SH4 Putative testis-specificprion protein PRNT Q86YQ2 Putative latherin LATH Q8IVG9 Putative humaninpeptide MT-RNR2 Q8NHM4 Putative trypsin-6 TRY6 Q8NHW4 C-C motifchemokine 4-like CCL4L2 Q9H7L2 Putative killer cell immunoglobulin-likeKIR3DX1 receptor-like protein KIR3DX1 Q9NRI6 Putative peptide YY-2 PYY2Q9UF72 Putative TP73 antisense gene protein 1 TP73-AS1 Q9UKY3 Putativeinactive carboxylesterase 4 CES1P1

The Uniprot IDs set forth in Table 1 and Table 2 refer to the humanversions the listed proteins and the sequences of each are availablefrom the Uniprot database. Sequences of the listed proteins are alsogenerally available for various animals, including various mammals andanimals of veterinary or industrial interest. Accordingly, in someembodiments, compositions and methods of the invention provide for thedelivery of one or more mRNAs encoding one or more proteins chosen frommammalian homologs or homologs from an animal of veterinary orindustrial interest of the secreted proteins listed in Table 1 and Table2; thus, compositions of the invention may comprise an mRNA encoding aprotein chosen from mammalian homologs or homologs from an animal ofveterinary or industrial interest of a protein listed in Table 1 andTable 2 along with other components set out herein, and methods of theinvention may comprise preparing and/or administering a compositioncomprising an mRNA encoding a protein chosen from mammalian homologs orhomologs from an animal of veterinary or industrial interest of aprotein listed in Table 1 and Table 2 along with other components setout herein. In some embodiments, mammalian homologs are chosen frommouse, rat, hamster, gerbil, horse, pig, cow, llama, alpaca, mink, dog,cat, ferret, sheep, goat, or camel homologs. In some embodiments, theanimal of veterinary or industrial interest is chosen from the mammalslisted above and/or chicken, duck, turkey, salmon, catfish, or tilapia.

In embodiments, the compositions and methods of the invention providefor the delivery of mRNA encoding a lysosomal protein chosen from Table3. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the inventionprovide for the delivery of one or more mRNAs encoding one or morelysosomal and/or related proteins listed in Table 3; thus, compositionsof the invention may comprise an mRNA encoding a protein listed in Table3 (or a homolog thereof) along with other components set out herein, andmethods of the invention may comprise preparing and/or administering acomposition comprising an mRNA encoding a protein chosen from theproteins listed in Table 3 (or a homolog thereof) along with othercomponents set out herein.

TABLE 3 Lysosomal and Related Proteins α-fucosidase α-galactosidaseα-glucosidase α-Iduronidase α-mannosidase α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase(α-galactosidase B) β-galactosidase β-glucuronidase β-hexosaminidaseβ-mannosidase 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) lyase3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 3-O-sulfogalactosyl cerebrosidesulfatase (arylsulfatase A) acetyl-CoA transferase acidalpha-glucosidase acid ceramidase acid lipase acid phosphatase acidsphingomyelinase alpha-galactosidase A arylsulfatase Abeta-galactosidase beta-glucocerebrosidase beta-hexosaminidaseBiotinidase cathepsin A cathepsin K CLN3 CLN5 CLN6 CLN8 CLN9 cystinetransporter (cystinosin) cytosolic protein beta3A subunit of the adaptorprotein-3 complex, AP3 formyl-Glycine generating enzyme (FGE)Galactocerebrosidase galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT)galactose 6-sulfate sulfatase (also known asN-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase) Glucocerebrosidase glucuronatesulfatase glucuronidase glycoprotein cleaving enzymes glycosaminoglycancleaving enzymes glycosylasparaginase (aspartylglucosaminidase) GM2-APHeparan-alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT, TMEM76) Heparansulfatase hexosaminidase A lysosomal proteases methylmalonyl-CoA mutaseHyaluronidase Iduronate sulfatase LAMP-2 lysosomal α-mannosidaseLysosomal p40 (C2orf18) Major facilitator superfamily domain containing8 protein (MFSD8 or CLN7) N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase N-acetyl glucosaminidaseN-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase NPC1 NPC2 palmitoyl-proteinthioesterase palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (CLN1) Saposin A(Sphingolipid activator protein A) Saposin B (Sphingolipid activatorprotein B) Saposin C (Sphingolipid activator protein C) Saposin D(Sphingolipid activator protein D) sialic acid transporter (sialin)Sialidase Sialin Sulfatase Transmembrane protein 74 (TMEM74)tripeptidyl-peptidase tripeptidyl-peptidase I (CLN2)UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-phosphotransferase

Information regarding lysosomal proteins is available from Lubke et al.,“Proteomics of the Lysosome,” Biochim Biophys Acta. (2009) 1793:625-635. In some embodiments, the protein listed in Table 3 and encodedby mRNA in the compositions and methods of the invention is a humanprotein. Sequences of the listed proteins are also available for variousanimals, including various mammals and animals of veterinary orindustrial interest as described above.

In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the inventionprovide for the delivery of mRNA encoding a therapeutic protein (e.g.,cytosolic, transmembrane or secreted) such as those listed in Table 4.In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the inventionprovide for the delivery of an mRNA encoding a therapeutic proteinuseful in treating a disease or disorder (i.e., indication) listed inTable 4; thus, compositions of the invention may comprise an mRNAencoding a therapeutic protein listed or not listed in Table 4 (or ahomolog thereof, as discussed below) along with other components set outherein for treating a disease or disorder (i.e., indication) listed inTable 4, and methods of the invention may comprise preparing and/oradministering a composition comprising an mRNA encoding a such a protein(or a homolog thereof, as discussed below) along with other componentsset out herein for treatment of a disease or disorder listed in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Exemplary Indications and Related Proteins IndicationTherapeutic Protein 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiencyMethylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase 3-Methylglutaconic aciduriaMethylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase Actinic keratosis Acute intermittentporphyria Porphobilinogen deaminase Acute lymphocytic leukemia Acutemyeloid leukemia Addison's disease Adenosine deaminase deficiencyAdenosine deaminase Adrenoleukodystrophy ABCD1 AdrenomyeloneuropathyAIDS/HIV Alcohol use disorders Alkaptonuria Homogentisate1,2-dioxygenase Allergic asthma Anti-IgE mAb Allergies (dermatitis,rhinitis) Alopecia areata Alpers' disease POLG Alpers-Huttenlochersyndrome Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency Alpha 1 protease inhibitorAlpha-mannosidosis Alpha-D-mannosidase Alport syndrome Alzheimer'sdisease Amyloid light-chain amyloidosis Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS) Anemia Erythropoietin Aortic valve stenosis Argininemia ArginaseArgininosuccinic acidemia Argininosuccinate lyase Arrhythmogenic rightventricular dysplasia Autism Autosomal dominant and recessiveprogressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletionsAutosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease ARPKD Bacterial infectionsBasal cell carcinoma Batten disease Battenin + others B-cell chroniclymphocytic leukemia Becker muscular dystrophy DystrophinBeta-thalassemia Beta globin Binge eating disorder Bipolar disorderBladder cancer Blepharospasm, Cervical dystonia, Chronic migraine,Botulinum toxin more Bronchiolitis obliterans Brugada syndrome Buerger'sdisease CACNA1A CACNB4-related Episodic Ataxia Type 2 Cancer anddepression Cancer and sexual dysfunction Cancer in pregnancyCarbamylphosphate synthetase deficiency Carbamylphosphate synthetaseCarcinoma of the gallbladder Cardiomyopathy (diabetic) Cardiomyopathy(hypertrophic) Carnitine uptake defect SLC22A5 Catecholaminergicpolymorphic ventricular tachycardia CDKL5-related Atypical Rett SyndromeCeliac disease Cellulitis Cerebrovascular disease Cervix uteri cancerChronic fatigue syndrome Chronic graft versus host disease Chronicidiopathic urticaria Chronic immune thrombocytopenia ThrombopoietinChronic kidney kisease Chronic liver disease Chronic lymphocyticleukemia Chronic myeloid leukemia Chronic pancreatitis Cirrhosis of theliver Citrullinemia, type I Argininosuccinate synthase Classic RettSyndrome Classical galactosemia Galactose-1-phosphateuridylyltransferase Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea Clottingdisorders COAD/COPD Cocaine addiction COL4A5-related disorders Coldcontact urticaria Contraception, female Coronary artery diseases Corpusuteri cancer Corticobasal degeneration Crigler-Najjar syndromeUDP-glucuronosyltransferase Critical limb ischemia CTNS-relatedcystinosis Cutaneous lupus erythematosus Cutaneous neuroendocrinecarcinoma (Merkel Cell) Cystic fibrosis CFTR Cystic fibrosisDeoxyribonuclease I Cystinosis Cystinosin Cystinuria SLC7A9 Dementia(Lewy body) Depression Diabetic foot infections Diabetic foot ulcerDiabetic peripheral neuropathy Diabetic ulcers Diarrhoeal diseasesDiffuse large B-cell lymphoma DiGeorge syndrome Diverticulitis Drug usedisorders Duchenne muscular dystrophy Dystrophin Dysarthria Dyskinesia(levodopa-induced) Early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer's diseaseEczema Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, type 1 EIF2B1 EIF2B2 EIF2B3 EIF2B4EIF2B5-related childhood ataxia with central nervous systemhypomyelination/vanishing white matter Eosinophilic esophagitis EpilepsyErectile dysfunction Erythropoietic protoporphyria FerrochelataseEsophageal carcinoma Essential tremor Fabry disease Alpha galactosidaseFamilial adenomatous polyposis APC Familial chylomicronemia Lipoproteinlipase Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia Apolipoprotein E Familialisolated dilated cardiomyopathy Familial mediterranean fever Pyrin(MEFV) Familial melanoma Female infertility Follicle stimulating hormoneFemale sexual dysfunction Fibromyalgia FMR1-related disorders Fracturehealing Fragile X Premature Ovarian Failure Syndrome Fragile X syndromeFMRP Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome Friedreich's ataxiaFrontotemporal dementia Fryns syndrome Galactocerebrosidase deficienciesGALE deficiency Galactose epimerase GALK deficiency GalactokinaseGALT-related galactosemia Gastric cancer Gastroesophageal reflux diseaseGaucher disease Glucocerebrosidase Gilbert syndromeUDP-glucuronosyltransferase Glioblastoma multiforme GlomerulonephritisGlutaric acidemia, type I Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase GM2 gangliosidosisHEXA, HEXB Gout Urate oxidase Graft versus host disease Growth hormonedeficiency Growth hormone 1/Growth hormone 2 Head and neck cancer,Metastatic colorectal cancer Anti-EGFr mAb Hearing loss, adult onsetHeart failure Hemachromatosis HFE protein Hemifacial spasm Hemolyticuremic syndrome Anti-complement factor C5 mAb Hemophilia A Factor VIIIHemophilia A, Hemophilia B Factor VII Hemophilia B Factor IX HepatitisB, Hepatitis C Interferon alpha HER2+ breast cancer, gastric cancerAnti-HER2 mAb Hereditary angioedema C1 esterase inhibitor Hereditaryhemorrhagic telangiectasia Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (AT)Hereditary spherocytosis Hidradenitis suppurativa HomocystinuriaCystathionine beta-synthase Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia LDLreceptor Hunter syndrome (MPS II) Iduronate-2-sulfatase Huntingtondisease Huntingtin Hurler syndrome (MPS I) Alpha-L iduronidaseHydrolethalus Hyperalgesia Hyperbilirubinemia HyperhidrosisHyperlipidemia Hypermethioninemia Methionine adenosyltransferaseHyperoxaluria, type I Serine-pyruvate aminotransferase HypertensionHyperuricemia Hyponatremia Hypoparathyroidism Parathyroid hormoneHypophosphatasia TNSALP Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis IminoglycinuriaImmunoglobulin deficiency Immunoglobulin Infection (adenovirus)Infection (anthrax prophylaxis) Infection (BK virus) Infection(Clostridium difficile prophylaxis) Infection (Dengue fever prophylaxis)Infection (Epstein-Barr virus) Infection (Hepatitis-D) Infection (Lymedisease prophylaxis) Infection (Smallpox virus) Infectious diseasesvaccines Infectious antigen Inflammatory heart diseases InsomniaInterstitial cystitis Iron-deficiency anaemia Irritable bowel diseaseIschaemic heart disease Isovaleric aciduria Isovaleric acid CoAdehydrogenase deficiency Jansky-Bielschowsky disease Juvenile Battendisease Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (JNCL) Juvenilerheumatoid arthritis TNF-alpha inhibitors Kennedy's disease (SBMA)Keratoconus Krabbe disease Galactocerebrosidase Leber's hereditary opticneuropathy NADH dehydrogenase Leiomyosarcoma Lennox-Gastaut syndromeLesch-Nyhan syndrome Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 LeukaemiaLi-Fraumeni syndrome TP53 Lipoma Liposarcoma Liver cancer Long-chain3-OH acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency Long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoAdehydrogenase Lower respiratory infections Lysosomal acid lipasedeficiency Lysosomal acid lipase Macular degeneration Major depressivedisorder Malignant fibrous histiocytoma Mantle cell lymphoma Maple syrupurine disease 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase Marfan syndrome FBN1Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (MPS VI) N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfataseMastocytosis McArdle disease Muscle glycogen phosphorylase MECP2-relateddisorders MECP2-related Severe Neonatal Encephalopathy Medium-chainacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase MelanomaAnti-CTLA4 mAb Metachromatic leukodystrophy Arylsulfatase A Metastaticcolorectal cancer, NSCLC, others Anti-VEGF mAb Methylmalonyl-CoA mutasedeficiency Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase Migraine Mitochondrial oxidativephosphorylation disorders Morquio syndrome, type A (MPS IVA) Galactose6-sulfate sulfatase Morquio syndrome, type B (MPS IVB)Beta-galactosidase Mouth and oropharynx cancers Multiple carboxylasedeficiency Biotin-methylcrotonoyl-CoA-carboxylase ligase Multiplemyeloma Multiple sclerosis Anti-VLA-4 mAb Multiple sclerosis Interferonbeta Multiple system atrophy Myasthenia gravis Myelofibrosis NarcolepsyNeonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia Neonatal infections Nephritis andnephrosis Neurofibromatosis, type 1 NF-1 Neuronal ceroidlipofuscinoses-related diseases Neutropenia G-CSF Niemann Pick disease,type A/B SMPD1 Niemann Pick disease, type C NPC1 Niemann-Pick diseaseType C1 Nocturia Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Non-Hodgkin lymphomaAnti-CD20 mAb Non-small cell lung cancer Notch-3 related cerebralautosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts andleukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) Obesity Ophthalmoparesis Opioid inducedconstipation Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency Ornithinetranscarbamylase Osteoarthritis Osteopetrosis Osteoporosis Anti-RANKLmAb Ovarian cancer Paget disease of bone Sequestosome 1 Pain Pancreaticcarcinoma Panic disorder Parkinson disease Paroxysmal nocturnalhemoglobinuria Anti-complement factor C5 Mab Pediculosis capitis (headlice) Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease Pemphigus vulgaris Peptic ulcerdisease Peripheral neuropathy Peyronie's disease PhenylketonuriaPhenylalanine hydroxylase Pneumococcal infection prophylaxisPOLG-related sensory ataxic neuropathy Polycystic kidney diseasePolycystic ovary syndrome Polycythaemia vera Polymerase G-relateddisorders Polymorphous light eruption Pompe disease Alpha glucosidasePorphyria cutanea tarda Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase Post herpeticneuralgia Post-organ transplant Pouchitis PPM-X Syndrome Prader-Willisyndrome Preeclampsia Premature ejaculation Prematurity and low birthweight Primary ciliary dyskinesia Primary glomerular diseases Primaryhumoral immune deficiencies (e.g., CVID) Immunoglobulin ProctitisProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Progressive supranuclearpalsy Propionic acidemia Propionyl-CoA carboxylase Prostate cancerPsoriasis Anti-IL-12 & IL-23 mAb Psoriatic arthritis TNF-alphainhibitors PTT-1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension Pulmonary arterialhypertension Raynaud's phenomenon Refractive errors Renal cell carcinomaRestless leg syndrome Retinitis pigmentosa Rheumatic heart diseaseRheumatoid arthritis Anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) mAb Rheumatoid arthritisT-cell costimulation blocker Rheumatoid arthritis TNF-alpha inhibitorRomano-Ward syndrome Rosacea Sanfilippo syndrome, type A (MPS IIIA)Heparan N-sulfatase Sanfilippo syndrome, type B (MPS IIIB)N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase Santavuori-Haltia disease SchizophreniaSchnitzler syndrome Scleroderma SCN1A SCN1B-related seizure disordersShort-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency Butyryl-CoA dehydrogenaseSickle cell disease Hemoglobin SLC3A1-related disorders Small cell lungcancer SMN-1-related spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) Spinal muscularatrophy Survival motor neuron protein Squamous cell carcinoma of headand neck Stickler syndrome Stomach cancer Stroke prophylaxis Synovialsarcoma Systemic lupus erythematosus Anti-BAFF Systemic sclerosisTetrahydrobiopterin-deficient hyperphenylalaninemia TetrahydrobiopterinThromboangiitis obliterans Thrombotic disorders Thyroid cancer TPP1deficiencies Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers Tricuspid atresia TSC1TSC2-related tuberous sclerosis Type 2 diabetes mellitus Glucagon-likepeptide 1 (GLP-1) agonist Type 2 diabetes mellitus Insulin Tyrosinemia,type I Fumarylacetoacetase Ulcerative colitis Uterine fibroids Varicoseveins Venous thromboembolism Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenasedeficiency Long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase von Gierke's diseaseGlucose-6-phosphatase Von Hippel-Lindau disease pVHL Wegenergranulomatosis Wilson disease Wilson disease protein X-Linked adrenalhypoplasia X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy X-linked agammaglobulinemiaBruton's tyrosine kinase

In some embodiments, the present invention is used to prevent, treatand/or cure a subject affected with a disease or disorder listed orassociated with the proteins listed in Tables 1,2,3, or 4. In someembodiments, an mRNA encodes one or more of Cystic FibrosisTransmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR), argininosuccinate synthetase(ASS1), Factor IX, survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1), or phenylalaninehydroxylase (PAH).

EXEMPLIFICATION Example 1: Synthesis of Compound (A3)

To a solution of Vitamin A or Retinol (0.7 g, 2.44 mmol) and3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanoic acid (0.50 g, 2.93 mmol) in DMF (20mL) were added HOBt (0.49 g, 3.66 mmol), HBTU (1.40 g, 3.66 mmol), andDMAP (0.45 g, 3.66 mmol) followed by slow addition of DIPEA (2.13 mL,12.2 mmol). The reaction was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour and continuedstirring overnight at room temperature. Reaction mixture was thendiluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with brine solution(3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, the organic layer wasevaporated under reduced pressure to obtain Compound (3) as a dark brownoil (1.3 g), which was purified by column chromatography.

Example 2: Synthesis of Compound (A4)

To a solution of Vitamin A or Retinol (0.25 g, 0.87 mmol) and4-(Dimethylamino)butyric acid hydrochloride (0.17 g, 1.05 mmol) in DMF(20 mL) were added HOBt (0.18 g, 1.31 mmol), HBTU (0.49 g, 1.31 mmol),and DMAP (0.16 g, 1.31 mmol) followed by slow addition of DIPEA (0.76mL, 4.36 mmol). The reaction was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour andcontinued stirring overnight at room temperature. Reaction mixture wasthen diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with brine solution(3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, the organic layer wasevaporated under reduced pressure to obtain Compound (4) as a dark brownoil (0.5 g).

Example 3: Synthesis of Compound (D5)

To a solution of Vitamin-D3 (1.0 g, 2.60 mmol) and4-(dimethylamino)butyric acid hydrochloride (0.52 g, 3.12 mmol) in DMF(20 mL) were added HOBt (0.53 g, 3.90 mmol), HBTU (1.5 g, 3.90 mmol),and DMAP (0.48 g, 3.90 mmol) followed by slow addition of DIPEA (2.3 mL,13.0 mmol). The reaction was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour and continuedstirring overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was thendiluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with brine solution(3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, the organic layer wasevaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified bysilica gel chromatography (eluent: 0.5-1.0% MeOH in DCM) to obtainCompound (5) as a sticky brown solid (0.78 g, 60%).

Example 4: Synthesis of Compound (D6)

To a solution of Vitamin-D3 (1.0 g, 2.60 mmol) and3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanoic acid (0.54 g, 3.12 mmol) in DMF (20mL) were added HOBt (0.53 g, 3.90 mmol), HBTU (1.5 g, 3.90 mmol), andDMAP (0.5 g, 3.90 mmol) followed by slow addition of DIPEA (2.3 mL, 12.9mmol). The reaction was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour and continuedstirring overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was thendiluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with brine solution(3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, the organic layer wasevaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified bysilica gel chromatography (eluent: 0.5-1.0% MeOH in DCM) to obtainCompound (6) as a sticky yellow solid (0.56 g, 40%).

Example 5: Synthesis of Compound (D7)

To a solution of Vitamin D3 (1.0 g, 2.60 mmol) and3-(bis(3-((8-methylnonyl)oxy)-3-oxopropyl)amino)propanoic acid (1.5 g,2.86 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were added HOBt (0.53 g, 3.90 mmol), HBTU(1.48 g, 3.90 mmol), and DMAP (0.48 g, 3.90 mmol) followed by slowaddition of DIPEA (2.3 mL, 13.0 mmol). The reaction was heated at 65° C.for 1 hour and continued stirring for another 24 h at room temperature.The reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) andwashed with brine solution (3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrousNa₂SO₄, the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure, and theresidue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: 0.5-1.0% MeOHin DCM) to obtain Compound (7) as a sticky yellow solid (0.80 g, 35%).

Example 6: Synthesis of Compound (E3)

To a solution of Vitamin E or DL-α-tocopherol (1.0 g, 2.32 mmol) and3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanoic acid (0.48 g, 2.79 mmol) in DMF (20mL) were added HOBt (0.47 g, 3.50 mmol), HBTU (1.32 g, 3.50 mmol), andDMAP (0.42 g, 3.50 mmol) followed by slow addition of DIPEA (2.0 mL,11.6 mmol). The reaction was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour and continuedstirring overnight at room temperature. Reaction mixture was thendiluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with brine solution(3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, the organic layer wasevaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified bysilica gel chromatography (eluent: 0.5-1.0% MeOH in DCM) to obtainCompound (3) as a sticky yellow solid (0.45 g, 33%).

Example 7: Synthesis of Compound (E4) Step I

Beta alanine (10.0 g, 112.2 mmol) was dissolved into DMSO/H₂O (100 mL,1:1 v/v ratio). Isodecyl acrylate (68.1 mL, 280.6 mmol) was added intoit and the reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. for 3 days. Thereaction was stopped after 3 days and cooled to room temperature. Theorganic layer was then separated, diluted with ethyl acetate (300 mL)and washed with brine solution (3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrousNa₂SO₄, the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure, and theresidue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: 1.0-3.0% MeOHin DCM) to obtain 3-(bis(3-((8-methylnonyl)oxy)-3-oxopropyl)amino)propanoic acid as a colorless oil (12.0 g, 21%).

Step 2

To a solution of Vitamin E or DL-α-tocopherol (0.6 g, 1.40 mmol) and3-(bis(3-((8-methylnonyl)oxy)-3-oxopropyl)amino)propanoic acid (0.60 g,1.17 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) were added HOBt (0.24 g, 1.75 mmol), HBTU(0.66 g, 1.75 mmol), and DMAP (0.19 g, 1.52 mmol) followed by slowaddition of DIPEA (1.02 mL, 5.85 mmol). The reaction was heated at 65°C. for 1 hour and continued stirring for another 24 h at roomtemperature. Reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (200mL) and washed with brine solution (3×100 mL). After drying overanhydrous Na₂SO₄, the organic layer was evaporated under reducedpressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography(eluent: 0.5-1.0% MeOH in DCM) to obtain Compound (4) as a light brownoil (0.50 g, 46%).

Example 8: Synthesis of Compound (E5)

To a solution of Vitamin E or DL-α-tocopherol (1.0 g, 2.32 mmol) and4-(dimethylamino)butyric acid hydrochloride (0.47 g, 2.78 mmol) in DMF(20 mL) were added HOBt (0.47 g, 3.48 mmol), HBTU (1.32 g, 3.48 mmol),and DMAP (0.42 g, 3.48 mmol) followed by slow addition of DIPEA (2.0 mL,11.6 mmol). The reaction was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour and continuedstirring overnight at room temperature. Reaction mixture was thendiluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with brine solution(3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, the organic layer wasevaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified bysilica gel chromatography (eluent: 0.5-1.0% MeOH in DCM) to obtainCompound (5) as a sticky brown solid (0.78 g, 60%).

Example 9: Lipid Nanoparticle Formulation Using Vitamin Cationic Lipidsand In Vivo Expression of FFLuc in CD1 Mice

Cationic lipids described herein can be used in the preparation of lipidnanoparticles according to methods known in the art. For example,suitable methods include methods described in International PublicationNo. WO 2018/089801, which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

One exemplary process for lipid nanoparticle formulation is Process A ofWO 2018/089801 (see, e.g., Example 1 and FIG. 1 of WO 2018/089801).Process A (“A”) relates to a conventional method of encapsulating mRNAby mixing mRNA with a mixture of lipids, without first pre-forming thelipids into lipid nanoparticles. In an exemplary process, an ethanollipid solution and an aqueous buffered solution of mRNA were preparedseparately. A solution of mixture of lipids (cationic lipid, helperlipids, zwitterionic lipids, PEG lipids etc.) was prepared by dissolvinglipids in ethanol. The mRNA solution was prepared by dissolving the mRNAin citrate buffer, resulting in mRNA at a concentration of 0.0833 mg/mlin citrate buffer with a pH of 4.5. The mixtures were then both heatedto 65° C. prior to mixing. Then, these two solutions were mixed using apump system. In some instances, the two solutions were mixed using agear pump system. In certain embodiments, the two solutions were mixingusing a ‘T’ junction (or “Y” junction). The mixture was then purified bydiafiltration with a TFF process. The resultant formulation concentratedand stored at 2-8° C. until further use.

A second exemplary process for lipid nanoparticle formulation is ProcessB of WO 2018/089801 (see, e.g., Example 2 and FIG. 2 of WO 2018/089801).Process B (“B”) refers to a process of encapsulating messenger RNA(mRNA) by mixing pre-formed lipid nanoparticles with mRNA. A range ofdifferent conditions, such as varying temperatures (i.e., heating or notheating the mixture), buffers, and concentrations, may be employed inProcess B. In an exemplary process, lipids dissolved in ethanol andcitrate buffer were mixed using a pump system. The instantaneous mixingof the two streams resulted in the formation of empty lipidnanoparticles, which was a self-assembly process. The resultantformulation mixture was empty lipid nanoparticles in citrate buffercontaining alcohol. The formulation was then subjected to a TFFpurification process wherein buffer exchange occurred. The resultingsuspension of pre-formed empty lipid nanoparticles was then mixed withmRNA using a pump system. For certain cationic lipids, heating thesolution post-mixing resulted in a higher percentage of lipidnanoparticles containing mRNA and a higher total yield of mRNA.

The nanoparticle formulations of Table 5 were prepared by Process A asdescribed above for intratracheal administration via MicroSprayer®. Allof the formulations comprised mRNA encoding firefly luciferase (FFLuc)protein and other components in the following mol % ratio: CationicLipid:DMG-PEG2000; Cholesterol:DOPE=40:5:25:30.

TABLE 5 Exemplary Lipid Nanoparticle Formulations mRNA FormulationComposition Process N/P Size PDI Encapsulation % FFLuc (D5): A 4 73.460.228 63.08 DMG-PEG2000:Cholesterol:DOPE FFLuc (D6): A 4 65.34 0.24798.47 DMG-PEG2000:Cholesterol:DOPE

Example 10: In Vivo Expression of mRNA Encoding Firefly Luciferase(FFLuc) Protein

Intratracheal administration of lipid nanoparticle formulationscomprising exemplary vitamin cationic lipids and mRNA encoding FFLucprotein (Table 1) was undertaken in order to study mRNA delivery andresultant protein expression. Male CD1 mice at 6-8 weeks old were dosedby a single intratracheal aerosol administration (50 ul/animal) whileanesthetized with isoflurane (1% to 4%) via nose cone. The mice weresacrificed 24 hours post-dose and both lungs harvested for ex vivo IVISimaging following perfusion. FFLuc protein was detected in the lungs ofanimals dosed with the formulations of Table 5. These studiesdemonstrate that the vitamin cationic lipids described herein areeffective at delivering mRNA in vivo and result in expression of theprotein or polypeptide encoded by the delivered mRNA.

While certain compounds, compositions and methods of the presentinvention have been described with specificity in accordance withcertain embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate thecompounds of the invention and are not intended to limit the same.

EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS First Set of Embodiments

1. A liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein, wherein theliposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, optionally one or morenon-cationic lipids, optionally one or more cholesterol-based lipids andoptionally one or more PEG-modified lipids, wherein at least onecationic lipid is a cationic lipid having a structure according toFormula (A-I):

wherein

R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-memberedheteroarylene;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is S, C═O, or C═S;

X³ is S, O, CR^(a)R^(b), or NR^(c);

R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or

R^(a) and R^(b), together with the carbon atom through which they areconnected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to6-membered heterocyclic ring; and

R^(c) is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl,C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

2. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(A-Ia):

3. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1or 2, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.4. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1or 2, wherein R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.5. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment3, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.6. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment4, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.7. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment5, wherein R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—,—C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—,—C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.8. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment6, wherein R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.9. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment5, wherein R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituentsselected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.10. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1 or 2, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.11. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1 or 2, wherein R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene,C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene,C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene,C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.12. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment12, wherein R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene,unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.13. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1 or 2, wherein R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—,—(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.14. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-13, wherein X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- ordialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl.15. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment14, wherein X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containingheterocycloalkyl.16. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment15, wherein X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl,piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.17. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment14, wherein X¹ is dialkylamine.18. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment17, wherein X¹ is

wherein

R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl,C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl; and each nis independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.

19. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment18, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.20. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment19, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently unsubstitutedC₆-C₃₀-alkyl.21. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment20, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently selected fromC₆-C₃₀-alkyl.22. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment18, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl orC₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.23. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment22, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently selected fromC₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenyl, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl,C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl,C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.24. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment22 or 23, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently selected from—(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.25. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-13, wherein X¹ is

26. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-13, wherein X¹ is

27. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-13, wherein X¹ is

28. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

29. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

30. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

31. A composition comprising the liposome encapsulating an mRNA encodinga protein of any one of embodiment 1-30.32. The composition of embodiment 31, comprising an mRNA encoding forcystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.33. The composition of embodiment 31, comprising an mRNA encoding forornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.34. A nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposomecomprises a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula(A-I):

wherein

R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-memberedheteroarylene;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is S, C═O, or C═S;

X³ is S, O, CR^(a)R^(b), or NR^(c);

R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or

R^(a) and R^(b), together with the carbon atom through which they areconnected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to6-membered heterocyclic ring; and

R^(c) is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl,C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

35. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(A-Ia):

36. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or35, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.37. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or35, wherein R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.38. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 36,wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.39. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 37,wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.40. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 38,wherein R¹ is selected from —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—,—C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—,—C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—,—C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.41. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 39,wherein R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.42. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 38,wherein R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituentsselected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.43. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or35, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.44. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or35, wherein R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene,C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene,C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene,C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.45. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 43,wherein R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.46. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or35, wherein R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—,—(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.47. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 34-46, wherein X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- ordialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl.48. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 47,wherein X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl.49. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 48,wherein X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.50. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 47,wherein X¹ is substituted dialkylamine.51. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 50,wherein X¹ is

wherein

R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl,C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl; and

each n is independently an integer having a value between about 1 andabout 6.

52. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 51,wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.53. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 52,wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently unsubstitutedC₆-C₃₀-alkyl.54. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 53,wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently selected from —C₆H₁₃,—C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉,—C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, —C₂₀H₄₁, —C₂₁H₄₃, —C₂₂H₄₅,—C₂₃H₄₇, —C₂₄H₄₉, or —C₂₅H₅₁.55. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 51,wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently is C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl orC₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.56. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 55,wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently is selected fromC₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenyl, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl,C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl,C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.57. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 55 or56, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently is selected from—(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.58. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 34-46, wherein X¹ is

59. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 34-46, wherein X¹ is

60. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 34-46, wherein X¹ is

61. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

62. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

63. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

64. A composition comprising a nucleic acid encapsulated within aliposome of any one of embodiments 34-63.65. The composition of embodiment 64, further comprising one more lipidsselected from the group consisting of one or more cationic lipids, oneor more non-cationic lipids, and one or more PEG-modified lipids.66. The composition of embodiment 64 or 65, wherein the nucleic acid isan mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide.67. The composition of any one of embodiments 64-66, wherein the mRNAencodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatmentof the lung of a subject or a lung cell.68. The composition of embodiment 67, wherein the mRNA encodes cysticfibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.69. The composition of any one of embodiments 64-66, wherein the mRNAencodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatmentof the liver of a subject or a liver cell.70. The composition of embodiment 69, wherein the mRNA encodes ornithinetranscarbamylase (OTC) protein.71. The composition of any one of embodiments 64-66, wherein the mRNAencodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in vaccine.72. The composition of embodiment 71, wherein the mRNA encodes anantigen.

Second Set of Embodiments

1. A liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein, wherein theliposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, optionally one or morenon-cationic lipids, optionally one or more cholesterol-based lipids andoptionally one or more PEG-modified lipids, wherein at least onecationic lipid is a cationic lipid having a structure according toFormula (D-A):

wherein

represents a single or double bond;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is O or S;

Z is O or a covalent bond;

R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-memberedheteroarylene; and

R² is H or C₁-C₄-alkyl.

2. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-I):

3. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-III):

4. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-Ia):

5. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1or 3, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-IIIa):

6. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-Ib):

7. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1or 3, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-IIIb):

8. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-Ic):

9. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1or 3, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-IIIc):

10. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according toFormula (D-Id):

11. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1 or 3, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according toFormula (D-IIId):

12. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-11, wherein X² is O.13. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-12, wherein R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.14. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-12, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.15. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment13, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.16. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment14, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.17. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment15, wherein R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.18. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment16, wherein R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—,—C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—,—C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or—C₂₅H₅₀—.19. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment14, wherein R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituentsselected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.20. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-12, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.21. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-12, wherein R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene,C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene,C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene,C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.22. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment21, wherein R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene,unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.23. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-12, wherein R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.24. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-23, wherein X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- ordialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl.25. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment24, wherein X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containingheterocycloalkyl.26. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment25, wherein X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl,piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.27. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment24, wherein X¹ is dialkylamine.28. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment27, wherein X¹ is

wherein

R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkylene,C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer,C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene,C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene; and

each n is independently an integer having a value between about 1 andabout 6.

29. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment28, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.30. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment29, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently unsubstitutedC₆-C₃₀-alkyl.31. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment30, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅,—C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁,—C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, —C₂₀H₄₁, —C₂₁H₄₃, —C₂₂H₄₅, —C₂₃H₄₇,—C₂₄H₄₉, or —C₂₅H₅₁32. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment28, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl orC₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.33. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment32, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently selected fromC₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenyl, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl,C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl,C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.34. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment32 or 33, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently selected from—(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.35. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-23, wherein X¹ is

36. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-23, wherein X¹ is

37. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-23, wherein X¹ is

38. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

39. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

40. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

41. A composition comprising the liposome encapsulating an mRNA encodinga protein of any one of embodiment 1-40.42. The composition of embodiment 41, comprising an mRNA encoding forcystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.43. The composition of embodiment 41, comprising an mRNA encoding forornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.44. A nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposomecomprises a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula(D-A):

wherein

represents a single or double bond;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is O or S;

Z is O or a covalent bond;

R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-memberedheteroarylene; and

R² is H or C₁-C₄-alkyl.

45. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-I):

46. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment44, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-III):

47. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44 or45, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-Ia):

48. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44 or46, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-IIIa):

49. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44 or45, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-Ib):

50. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44 or46, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-IIIb):

51. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44 or45, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-Ic):

52. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44 or46, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-IIIc):

53. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44 or45, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-Id):

54. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44 or46, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(D-IIId):

55. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 44-54, wherein X² is O.56. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 44-55, wherein R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.57. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 44-55, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.58. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 56,wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.59. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 57,wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.60. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 58,wherein R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.61. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 59,wherein R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—,—C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—,—C₁₉H₃₇—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, and—C₂₅H₅₀—.62. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 57,wherein R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituentsselected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.63. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 44-55, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.64. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 44-55, wherein R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene,C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene,C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene,C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.65. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 64,wherein R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.66. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 44-55, wherein R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.67. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 44-55, wherein X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- ordialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl.68. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 67,wherein X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl.69. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 68,wherein X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.70. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 67,wherein X¹ is dialkylamine.71. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 70,wherein X¹ is

-   -   wherein    -   R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl,        C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl,        hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer,        C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl,        or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl; and each n is independently an        integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.        72. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of        embodiment 69, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently        C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.        73. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of        embodiment 72, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently        unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.        74. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of        embodiment 73, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently        —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₈, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅,        —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉,        —C₂₀H₄₁, —C₂₁H₄₃, —C₂₂H₄₅, —C₂₃H₄₇, —C₂₄H₄₉, or —C₂₅H₅₁.        75. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of        embodiment 69, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently        is C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.        76. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of        embodiment 75, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently        is selected from C₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenyl, C₁₀-alkenyl,        C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl, C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl,        C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl, C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and        C₂₀-alkenyl.        77. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of        embodiment 75 or 76, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each        independently is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂,        —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂,        —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂,        —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂,        —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃,        —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃,        —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,        —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₃,        —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,        —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃,        —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, and        —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.        78. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one        of embodiments 44-55, wherein X¹ is

79. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 44-55, wherein X¹ is

80. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 44-55, wherein X¹ is

81. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

82. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

83. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

84. A composition comprising a nucleic acid encapsulated within aliposome of any one of embodiments 44-83.85. The composition of embodiment 84, further comprising one more lipidsselected from the group consisting of one or more cationic lipids, oneor more non-cationic lipids, and one or more PEG-modified lipids.86. The composition of embodiment 84 or 85, wherein the nucleic acid isan mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide.87. The composition of any one of embodiments 82-83, wherein the mRNAencodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatmentof the lung of a subject or a lung cell.88. The composition of embodiment 87, wherein the mRNA encodes cysticfibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.89. The composition of any one of embodiments 84-86, wherein the mRNAencodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatmentof the liver of a subject or a liver cell.90. The composition of embodiment 89, wherein the mRNA encodes ornithinetranscarbamylase (OTC) protein.91. The composition of any one of embodiments 84-86, wherein the mRNAencodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in vaccine.92. The composition of embodiment 91, wherein the mRNA encodes anantigen.

Third Set of Embodiments

1. A liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein, wherein theliposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, optionally one or morenon-cationic lipids, optionally one or more cholesterol-based lipids andoptionally one or more PEG-modified lipids, wherein at least onecationic lipid is a cationic lipid having a structure according toFormula (E-I):

wherein

R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-memberedheteroarylene;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is S, C═O, or C═S;

X³ is S, O, CR^(a)R^(b), or NR^(c);

R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or

R^(a) and R^(b), together with the carbon atom through which they areconnected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to6-membered heterocyclic ring; and

R^(c) is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl,C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

2. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(E-Ia):

3. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1or 2, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.4. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1or 2, wherein R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.5. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment3, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.6. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment4, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.7. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment5, wherein R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—,—C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—,—C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.8. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment6, wherein R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.9. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment5, wherein R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituentsselected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.10. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1 or 2, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.11. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1 or 2, wherein R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene,C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene,C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene,C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.12. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment12, wherein R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene,unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.13. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1 or 2, wherein R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—,—(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.14. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-13, wherein X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- ordialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl.15. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment14, wherein X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containingheterocycloalkyl.16. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment15, wherein X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl,piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.17. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment14, wherein X¹ is dialkylamine.18. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment17, wherein X¹ is

whereinR^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl,C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl; and each nis independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.19. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment18, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.20. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment19, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently unsubstitutedC₆-C₃₀-alkyl.21. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment20, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently selected fromC₆-C₃₀-alkyl.22. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment18, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl orC₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.23. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment22, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently selected fromC₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenyl, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl,C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl,C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.24. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment22 or 23, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently selected from—(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.25. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-13, wherein X¹ is

26. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-13, wherein X¹ is

27. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one ofembodiments 1-13, wherein X¹ is

28. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

29. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

30. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

31. A composition comprising the liposome encapsulating an mRNA encodinga protein of any one of embodiments 1-30.32. The composition of embodiment 31, comprising an mRNA encoding forcystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.33. The composition of embodiment 31, comprising an mRNA encoding forornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.34. A nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposomecomprises a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula(E-I):

R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-memberedheteroarylene;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is S, C═O, or C═S;

X³ is S, O, CR^(a)R^(b), or NR^(c);

R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or

R^(a) and R^(b), together with the carbon atom through which they areconnected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to6-membered heterocyclic ring; and

R^(c) is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl,C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

35. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula(E-Ia):

36. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or35, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.37. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or35, wherein R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.38. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 36,wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.39. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 37,wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.40. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 38,wherein R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—,—C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—,—C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, and—C₂₅H₅₀—.41. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 39,wherein R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.42. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 38,wherein R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituentsselected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.43. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or35, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.44. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or35, wherein R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene,C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene,C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene,C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.45. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44,wherein R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.46. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or35, wherein R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—,—(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.47. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 34-46, wherein X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- ordialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-memberednitrogen-containing heteroaryl.48. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 47,wherein X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl.49. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 48,wherein X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.50. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 47,wherein X¹ is substituted dialkylamine.51. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 50,wherein X¹ is

whereinR^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl,C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-memberedheterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl; and each nis independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.52. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 51,wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.53. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 52,wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently unsubstitutedC₆-C₃₀-alkyl.54. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 53,wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently selected from —C₆H₁₃,—C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉,—C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, —C₂₀H₄₁, —C₂₁H₄₃, —C₂₂H₄₅,—C₂₃H₄₇, —C₂₄H₄₉, or —C₂₅H₅₁.55. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 51,wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently is C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl orC₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.56. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 55,wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently is selected fromC₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenyl, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl,C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl,C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.57. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 55 or56, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently is selected from—(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.58. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 34-46, wherein X¹ is

59. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 34-46, wherein X¹ is

60. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one ofembodiments 34-46, wherein X¹ is

61. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

62. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

63. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

64. A composition comprising a nucleic acid encapsulated within aliposome of any one of embodiments 34-63.65. The composition of embodiment 64, further comprising one more lipidsselected from the group consisting of one or more cationic lipids, oneor more non-cationic lipids, and one or more PEG-modified lipids.66. The composition of embodiment 64 or 65, wherein the nucleic acid isan mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide.67. The composition of any one of embodiments 64-66, wherein the mRNAencodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatmentof the lung of a subject or a lung cell.68. The composition of embodiment 67, wherein the mRNA encodes cysticfibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.69. The composition of any one of embodiments 64-66, wherein the mRNAencodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatmentof the liver of a subject or a liver cell.70. The composition of embodiment 69, wherein the mRNA encodes ornithinetranscarbamylase (OTC) protein.71. The composition of any one of embodiments 64-66, wherein the mRNAencodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in vaccine.72. The composition of embodiment 71, wherein the mRNA encodes anantigen.

Fourth Set of Embodiments

1. A cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula (K-I):

wherein

-   -   R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,        hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,        hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to        6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to        6-membered heteroarylene;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is S, C═O, or C═S;

X³ is S, O, CR^(a)R^(b), or NR^(c);

-   -   R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl,        C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl;        or

R^(a) and R^(b), together with the carbon atom through which they areconnected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to6-membered heterocyclic ring; and

-   -   R^(c) is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,        C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.        2. The cationic lipid having a structure according to embodiment        1, having a structure according to Formula (K-Ia):

3. The cationic lipid having a structure according to embodiment 1,having a structure according to Formula (K-Ib):

4. The cationic lipid of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein R¹ isC₆-C₃₀-alkylene.5. The cationic lipid of embodiment 4, wherein R¹ is unsubstitutedC₆-C₃₀-alkylene.6. The cationic lipid of embodiment 5, wherein R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—,—C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—,—C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—,—C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.7. The cationic lipid of embodiment 4, wherein R¹ is substitutedC₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituents selected from halogen,hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.8. The cationic lipid of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein R¹ isC₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.9. The cationic lipid of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein R¹ isselected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene,C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene,C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene,C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.10. The cationic lipid of embodiment 9, wherein R¹ is selected fromunsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstitutedC₂₀-alkenylene.11. The cationic lipid of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein R¹ isselected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.12. The cationic lipid of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein X¹ is NH₂,guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-memberedheterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl.13. The cationic lipid of any one of embodiments 1-3 and 12, wherein X¹is

14. The cationic lipid of embodiment 1, having the structure of:

15. A composition comprising an mRNA encoding a protein, encapsulatedwithin a liposome, wherein the liposome comprises one or more cationiclipids, one or more non-cationic lipids, one or more cholesterol-basedlipids and one or more PEG-modified lipids, wherein at least onecationic lipid is of any one of embodiments 1-14.16. The composition of embodiment 15, comprising an mRNA encoding forcystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.17. The composition of embodiment 15, comprising an mRNA encoding forornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.18. A composition comprising a nucleic acid encapsulated within aliposome, wherein the liposome comprises a cationic lipid of any one ofembodiments 1-14.19. The composition of embodiment 18, further comprising one more lipidsselected from the group consisting of one or more cationic lipids, oneor more non-cationic lipids, and one or more PEG-modified lipids.20. The composition of embodiment 18 or 19, wherein the nucleic acid isan mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide.21. The composition of any one of embodiments 18-20, wherein the mRNAencodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatmentof the lung of a subject or a lung cell.22. The composition of embodiment 21, wherein the mRNA encodes cysticfibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.23. The composition of any one of embodiments 18-20, wherein the mRNAencodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatmentof the liver of a subject or a liver cell.24. The composition of embodiment 23, wherein the mRNA encodes ornithinetranscarbamylase (OTC) protein.25. The composition of any one of embodiments 18-20, wherein the mRNAencodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in vaccine.26. The composition of embodiment 25, wherein the mRNA encodes anantigen.

What is claimed is:
 1. A liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding apeptide or polypeptide, wherein the liposome comprises one or morecationic lipids, and optionally one or more non-cationic lipids,optionally one or more cholesterol-based lipids and optionally one ormore PEG-modified lipids; and wherein the liposome comprises at leastone cationic lipid that comprises the structure of Vitamin A, D, E, orK, and also comprises a moiety X¹, wherein X¹ is an ionizablenitrogen-containing group.
 2. The liposome of claim 1, comprising acationic lipid having a structure according to any one of the followingstructures:

wherein R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-memberedheteroarylene; X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group; X² is S,C═O, or C═S; X³ is S, O, CR^(a)R^(b), or NR^(c); R^(a) and R^(b) areeach independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl,C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or R^(a) and R^(b), together with thecarbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated orunsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; andR^(c) is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl,C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.
 3. The liposome of claim 1 or 2,comprising a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula(A-1):


4. The liposome of claim 3, wherein the cationic lipid has the structureaccording to Formula (A-Ia):


5. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has astructure according to Formula (E-1):


6. The liposome of claim 5, wherein the cationic lipid has a structureaccording to Formula (E-1a):


7. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has thestructure according to Formula (K-1):


8. The liposome of claim 7, wherein the cationic lipid has the structureaccording to Formula (K-1a):


9. The liposome of claim 7, wherein the cationic lipid has the structureaccording to Formula (K-1 b):


10. The liposome of claim 1, comprising a cationic lipid having astructure according to Formula (D-A):

wherein

represents a single or double bond; X¹ is an ionizablenitrogen-containing group; X² is O or S; Z is O or a covalent bond; R¹is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-memberedheteroarylene; and R² is H or C₁-C₄-alkyl.
 11. The liposome of claim 10,having a structure according to any one of the following formulas:


12. The liposome of claim 11, having a structure according to any one ofthe following formulas:


13. The liposome of any one of claims 10-12, wherein X² is O.
 14. Theliposome of any one of claims 2-13, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene. 15.The liposome of any one of claims 2-13, wherein R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.16. The liposome of claim 14, wherein R¹ is unsubstitutedC₆-C₃₀-alkylene.
 17. The liposome of claim 15, wherein R¹ isunsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.
 18. The liposome of any one of claims2-13, wherein R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—,—C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—,—C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or—C₂₅H₅₀—.
 19. The liposome of any one of claims 2-13, wherein R¹ is—C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.
 20. The liposome of claim 14, wherein R¹ issubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituents selected fromhalogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.
 21. The liposomeof any one of claims 2-13, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene orC₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.
 22. The liposome of any one of claims 2-13, whereinR¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene,C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene,C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene,C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.
 23. The liposome of claim 22,wherein R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.
 24. The liposome ofclaim 22, wherein R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—,—(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.
 25. Theliposome of any one of claims 1-24, wherein X¹ is NH₂, guanidine,amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl.
 26. The liposome ofclaim 25, wherein X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containingheterocycloalkyl.
 27. The liposome of claim 26, wherein X¹ issubstituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl,or piperazinyl.
 28. The liposome of claim 25, wherein X¹ isdialkylamine.
 29. The liposome of claim 28, wherein X¹ is

wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl,C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer,C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5-to 6-membered heteroaryl; and each n is independently an integer havinga value between about 1 and about
 6. 30. The liposome of claim 28,wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.
 31. Theliposome of claim 30, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independentlyunsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.
 32. The liposome of claim 28, wherein R^(3a)and R^(3b) are each independently selected from C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl.
 33. Theliposome of claim 32, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independentlyC₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.
 34. The liposome of claim 32, whereinR^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently selected from C₈-alkenyl,C₉-alkenyl, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl, C₁₃-alkenyl,C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl, C₁₈-alkenyl,C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.
 35. The liposome of any one of claims33-35, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently selected from—(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.36. The liposome of any one of claims 1-24, wherein X¹ is


37. The liposome of any one of claims 1-24, wherein X¹ is


38. The liposome of any one of claims 1-24, wherein X¹ is


39. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has thestructure of:


40. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has thestructure of:


41. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has thestructure of:


42. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has thestructure of:


43. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has thestructure of:


44. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has thestructure of:


45. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has thestructure of:


46. The liposome of claim 1 or 10, wherein the cationic lipid has thestructure of:


47. The liposome of claim 1 or 10, wherein the cationic lipid has thestructure of:


48. The liposome of claim 1 or 10, wherein the cationic lipid has thestructure of:


49. A composition comprising the liposome of any one of claims 1-48. 50.The composition of claim 49, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide orpolypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the lung of asubject or a lung cell.
 51. The composition of claim 50, wherein themRNA encodes for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator(CFTR) protein.
 52. The composition of claim 49, wherein the mRNAencodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatmentof the liver of a subject or a liver cell.
 53. The composition of claim52, wherein the mRNA encodes for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC)protein.
 54. The composition of claim 49, wherein the mRNA encodes apeptide or polypeptide for use in a vaccine.
 55. The composition ofclaim 54, wherein the mRNA encodes an antigen.
 56. The composition ofclaim 55, wherein the antigen is from an infectious agent.
 57. Thecomposition of any one of claims 49-56, formulated for intravenous (IV)administration.
 58. The composition of any one of claims 49-56,formulated for intramuscular (IM) administration.
 59. The composition ofany one of claims 49-56, formulated for administration by inhalation.60. The composition of claim 59, wherein the composition is formulatedfor nebulization.
 61. A nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome,wherein the liposome comprises a cationic lipid, wherein the cationiclipid comprises the structure of Vitamin A, D, E, or K, and alsocomprises a moiety X¹, wherein X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containinggroup.
 62. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61,wherein the liposome comprises a cationic lipid having a structureaccording to any one of the following structures:

wherein R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-memberedheteroarylene; X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group; X² is S,C═O, or C═S; X³ is S, O, CR^(a)R^(b), or NR^(c); R^(a) and R^(b) areeach independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl,C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or R^(a) and R^(b), together with thecarbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated orunsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; andR^(c) is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl,C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.
 63. The nucleic acid encapsulatedwithin a liposome of claim 61 or 62, wherein, wherein the liposomecomprises a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula(A-I):


64. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 63, whereinthe cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (A-Ia):


65. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 64, whereinthe cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (A-Ia):


66. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (E-1):


67. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 66, whereinthe cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (E-1a):


68. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (K-1):


69. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 68 whereinthe cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (K-1a):


70. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 68, whereinthe cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (K-1b):


71. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61,comprising a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula(D-A):

wherein

represents a single or double bond; X¹ is an ionizablenitrogen-containing group; X² is O or S; Z is O or a covalent bond; R¹is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-memberedheteroarylene; and R² is H or C₁-C₄-alkyl.
 72. The nucleic acidencapsulated within a liposome of claim 71, having a structure accordingto any one of the following formulas:


73. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 72, havinga structure according to any one of the following formulas:


74. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims71-73, wherein X² is O.
 75. The nucleic acid encapsulated within aliposome of any one of claims 62-74, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene. 76.The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims62-74, wherein R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.
 77. The nucleic acid encapsulatedwithin a liposome of claim 75, wherein R¹ is unsubstitutedC₆-C₃₀-alkylene.
 78. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome ofclaim 76, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.
 79. The nucleicacid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 62-74, whereinR¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—,—C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—,—C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.
 80. Thenucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 62-74,wherein R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.
 81. The nucleic acidencapsulated within a liposome of claim 75, wherein R¹ is substitutedC₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituents selected from halogen,hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.
 82. The nucleic acidencapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 62-74, wherein R¹ isC₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.
 83. The nucleic acidencapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 62-74, wherein R¹ isselected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene,C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene,C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene,C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.
 84. The nucleic acid encapsulatedwithin a liposome of claim 83, wherein R¹ is selected from unsubstitutedC₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstitutedC₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstitutedC₂₀-alkenylene.
 85. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome ofclaim 83, wherein R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—,—(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—,—(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,—(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and—(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.
 86. Thenucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 62-85,wherein X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containingheteroaryl.
 87. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim86, wherein X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containingheterocycloalkyl.
 88. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome ofclaim 87, wherein X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl,piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.
 89. The nucleic acidencapsulated within a liposome of claim 86, wherein X¹ is dialkylamine.90. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 89, whereinX¹ is

wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl,C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl,hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer,C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5-to 6-membered heteroaryl; and each n is independently an integer havinga value between about 1 and about
 6. 91. The nucleic acid encapsulatedwithin a liposome of claim 90, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are eachindependently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.
 92. The nucleic acid encapsulated within aliposome of claim 91, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independentlyunsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.
 93. The nucleic acid encapsulated within aliposome of claim 90, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independentlyselected from C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl.
 94. The nucleic acid encapsulated within aliposome of claim 93, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independentlyC₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₅-C₂₀-alkenyl.
 95. The nucleic acid encapsulatedwithin a liposome of claim 93, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are eachindependently selected from C₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenyl, C₁₀-alkenyl,C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl, C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl,C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl, C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl. 96.The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 94 or 95,wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are each independently selected from—(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂,—(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—,—(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃,—(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃,—(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.97. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims62-85, wherein X¹ is


98. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims62-85, wherein X¹ is


99. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims62-85, wherein X¹ is


100. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:


101. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:


102. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:


103. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:


104. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:


105. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:


106. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:


107. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 71,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:


108. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 71,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:


109. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 71,wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:


110. A composition comprising the nucleic acid encapsulated within aliposome of any one of claims 61-109.
 111. The composition of claim 110,wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in thedelivery to or treatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell. 112.The composition of claim 111, wherein the mRNA encodes for cysticfibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.
 113. Thecomposition of claim 110, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide orpolypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the liver of asubject or a liver cell.
 114. The composition of claim 113, wherein themRNA encodes for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.
 115. Thecomposition of claim 110, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide orpolypeptide for use in a vaccine.
 116. The composition of claim 115,wherein the mRNA encodes an antigen.
 117. The composition of claim 116,wherein the antigen is from an infectious agent.
 118. The composition ofany one of claims 110-117, formulated for intravenous (IV)administration.
 119. The composition of any one of claims 110-117,formulated for intramuscular (IM) administration.
 120. The compositionof any one of claims 110-117, formulated for administration byinhalation.
 121. The composition of claim 120, wherein the compositionis formulated for nebulization.